2-Bromopropane

If material on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Solid streams of water may be ineffective. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Use alcohol foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide. Keep run-off water out of sewers and water sources. /Bromopropanes/

...Materials which are toxic as stored or which can decompose into toxic components...should be stored in a cool, well ventilated place, out of the direct rays of the sun, away from areas of high fire hazard, and should be periodically inspected. Incompatible materials should be isolated...

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Solid streams of water may be ineffective. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Use alcohol foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide. Keep run-off water out of sewers and water sources. /Bromopropanes/

Personnel protection: Avoid breathing vapors. Keep upwind. Do not handle broken packages unless wearing appropriate personal protective equipment. If contact with the material anticipated, wear appropriate chemical protective clothing. /Bromopropanes/

3.0 [ppm]

230 [ppm]

1400 [ppm]

EYES: irrigate opened eyes for several minutes under running water. INGESTION: do not induce vomiting. Rinse mouth with water (never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person). Seek immediate medical advice. SKIN: should be treated immediately by rinsing the affected parts in cold running water for at least 15 minutes, followed by thorough washing with soap and water. If necessary, the person should shower and change contaminated clothing and shoes, and then must seek medical attention. INHALATION: supply fresh air. If required provide artificial respiration.

2-Bromopropane is a strong lachrymator. Chronic exposure has been shown to have teratogenic effects in mouse and rat embryos. Very high chronic doses led to developmental toxicity which included an increase in the fetal deaths, a decrease in the litter size, and a reduction in the fetal body weight. In addition, an increase in the incidence of fetal external, visceral, and skeletal abnormalities was seen. Chronic exposure to 2-bromopropane depletes spermatogenic cells in male rats and oocytes in female rats. Humans exposed to 2-bromopropane exhibited oligospermia, amenorrhea and other reproductive toxic effects.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 350(SRC), determined from a measured log Kow of 2.14(2) and a regression derived equation(3), indicates that isopropyl bromide is expected to have moderate mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of isopropyl bromide from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 0.011 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its extrapolated vapor pressure of 216 mm Hg(4) and water solubility of 3180 mg/L(5). The potential for volatilization of isopropyl bromide from dry soil surfaces exists(SRC) based upon its extrapolated vapor pressure(4). No terrestrial biodegradation data were located for isopropyl bromide(SRC, 2005); however, an aqueous aerobic screening study using an activated sludge inoculum indicated that this compound is readily biodegradable(6).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 350(SRC), determined from a measured log Kow of 2.14(2) and a regression derived equation(3), indicates that isopropyl bromide is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 0.011 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from an extrapolated vapor pressure of 216 mm Hg(4) and water solubility of 3180 mg/L(5). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 1 hour and 4 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(6), an estimated BCF of 9(SRC), from a log Kow(2) and a regression-derived equation(7), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). The hydrolysis half-life of isopropyl bromide was reported as 2.1 days at 25 °C(8). No aquatic biodegradation data were located for isopropyl bromide(SRC, 2005); however, an aqueous aerobic screening study using an activated sludge inoculum indicated that this compound is readily biodegradable(9).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), isopropyl bromide, which has an extrapolated vapor pressure of 216 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase isopropyl bromide is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 18 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 8.8X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3).

Organobromide compounds, especially alkylbromides are strong alkylating agents. Consequently they can randomly modify the surfaces of proteins and lipids, leading to the disruption of enzyme, transporter or membrane functions. One of the most probable protein targets is the TRPA1 ion channel that is expressed in sensory nerves (trigeminal nerve) of the eyes, nose, mouth and lungs. Alkylation of DNA by alkylbromides may also lead to mutations. 2-bromopropane triggers the mitochondrion-dependent apoptotic pathway via ROS (reactive oxygen species) generation. 2-bromopropane has also been shown to induce DNA damage, impair functional antioxidant cellular defenses, and enhance the lipid peroxidation in cultured Leydig cells.

May cause skin, eye and respiratory tract irritation. May affect behavior/central nervous system (central nervous system depression, excitement fatigue, headache, dizziness, stupor,unconsciousness and possible coma). If ingested, 2-bromopropane may cause gastrointestinal tract irritation with nausea, and vomiting. It may also affect behavior/central nervous system with symptoms similar to those for inhalation. May also cause kidney damage and liver damage.

The Koc of isopropyl bromide is estimated as 350(SRC), using a measured log Kow of 2.14(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that isopropyl bromide is expected to have moderate mobility in soil(SRC).

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ An outbreak of reproductive and hematopoietic toxicities occurred in Korean electronics workers in 1995 exposed to solvents containing 2-BP that were used as alternatives to chlorofluorocarbons for cleaning tactile switches. Seventeen of 25 female workers showed ovarian dysfunction accompanied by amenorrhea and severe anemia, and 6 of 8 male workers had oligospermia or azospermia. The mean ambient 2-BP concentration in the work area was 12.4 ppm, and the 2-BP concentration inside the hood of the cleaning baths was 4141 ppm. Some workers had skin contact with 2-BP. Two of the affected female workers regained normal ovarian function within 2 years following exposure.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Sixteen Korean female laborers who had been exposed to a cleaning solvent composed mainly of 2-bromopropane developed primary ovarian failure. Histologic findings from these patients' ovaries were similar to those observed in ovarian failure caused by radiation or chemotherapy, i.e., reduced number and developmental arrest of primary follicles, interstitial fibrosis and hyalinization of blood vessels. We followed their clinical course for 2 years and found that two patients recovered normal ovarian function spontaneously: one became pregnant and delivered a normal full-term baby, and the other resumed regular menstrual periods with normal hormonal values. Our observations support the idea that the increasing prevalence of ovarian failure in recent years might be due to an increase in presently unidentified environmental toxic agents.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ A study of 25 workers in a Chinese 2-BP manufacturing plant found amenorrhea or polymenorrhea in 4 female workers exposed at >10 ppm (TWA) 2-BP.

Isopropyl bromide present at 100 mg/L, reached 73-89% of its theoretical BOD in 2 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L and the Japanese MITI test(1). Half-lives for the biodehalogenation of isopropyl bromide are 35 (oxygen insertion), 279 (substitution), and 40 hours (substitution) by the bacterial strains Pseudomonas putida, Pseudomonas sp., and Flavobacterium sp., respectively(2).

2-Bromopropane

Group 2A: Probably carcinogenic to humans

Volume 133: (2024) Anthracene, 2-Bromopropane, Butyl Methacrylate, and Dimethyl Hydrogen Phosphite

2024 online

2023

No indication of carcinogenicity to humans (not listed by IARC).