Furfural

Other Classes -> Aldehydes

Flammable agents - 2nd degree

Pesticide -> EPA IRIS

Agrochemicals -> Pesticide active substances

Active substance -> EU Pesticides database: Not approved

log Kow= 0.41

0.41

0.46

Peculiar odor, somewhat resembling the odor of benzaldehyde

... Almond-like odor ...

1.159 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Denser than water; will sink

1.1594 g/cu cm at 20 °C

Relative density (water = 1): 1.16

1.153-1.162

1.16

1.1594 @ 20°C

1.587 mPa-s at 25 °C

1.28 mm²/s at 25 °C

Danger

H301: Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

P203, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P316, P317, P318, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Danger

H301 (100%): Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

P203, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P273, P280, P284, P301+P316, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P316, P317, P318, P319, P320, P321, P330, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Chemical: 2-Furancarboxaldehyde

Regulation (EC) No 1831/2003 (amended)

2-Furancarboxaldehyde is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of 2-Furancarboxaldehyde are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)

Furfural is listed in the dataset of EPA Human Health Benchmarks for Pesticides under the Safe Drinking Water Act (40 eCFR 141)

2002/2076

Status: Active Update: 17-03-2022 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/14883

Special Hazards of Combustion Products: Irritating vapors are generated when heated (USCG, 1999)

· Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily.

Flammable. Above 60 °C explosive vapour/air mixtures may be formed.

Flammability of furfural is comparable to that of kerosene or No 1 fuel oil.

Combustible liquid

Vapor may irritate eyes and respiratory system. Liquid irritates skin and may cause dermatitis. (USCG, 1999)

· TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE; inhalation, ingestion or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death.

Liquid causes first degree burns on short exposure. [CHRIS] At concentrations of 1.9 to 14 ppm, vapor can cause weeping of the eyes. [HSDB] TLV Basis is upper respiratory tract irritation and eye irritation; Hepatotoxicity reported in rats exposed to higher oral doses (30-60 mg/kg); [ACGIH] An irritant that defats the skin and may injure the liver; [ICSC] Vapor is eye and respiratory tract irritant; [CAMEO] Furfuraldehydes (UN1199) has warning of explosive polymerization; [ERG 2016]

1199 153P

1199 132P

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible); polymerization hazard]:

Use water spray, powder, alcohol-resistant foam, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower. Seek medical attention if you feel unwell.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Refer for medical attention .

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

General First Aid:

(General first aid procedures)

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

Biological Exposure Indices (BEI) [ACGIH] - Furoic acid in urine = 200 mg/L at end of shift; The determinant is nonspecific, since it is also observed after exposure to other chemicals. [TLVs and BEIs]]

Use water spray, dry chemical, "alcohol resistant" form, or carbon dioxide. use water spray to keep fire-exposed containers cool.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Solid streams of water may be ineffective. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use "alcohol" foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Keep in air tight container and protect from light

Furfural and its derivatives should be stored in well-ventilated areas, sheltered from direct sunlight and away from heat and other sources of ignition.

Store in cool, dry, well-ventilated location. Separate from strong oxidizing materials, strong alkalies, & strong acids. Outside or detached storage is preferred.

Recommended: low-pressure storage tank, atmospheric < 0.5 psig.

Storage in either aboveground or underground installations is satisfactory. Because furfural is an excellent solvent and penetrant, care must be taken that all joints are secure and that the pump and valve packings are in good condition.

1. Remove all ignition sources. 2. Ventilate area of spill or leak. 3. For small quantities, absorb on paper towels. Evaporate in a safe place ... Allow sufficient time for evaporating vapors to completely clear the hood ductwork. Burn the paper in a suitable location away from combustible materials. For large quantities, cover with sodium bisulfite, add a small amt of water & mix. ... After 1 hr, flush with large amt of water & wash site with soap solution.

Environmental considerations: Land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ Dike surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete. Absorb bulk liquid with fly ash or cement powder. Add sodium bisulfite (NaHSO3).

Environmental considerations: Water spill: Use natural deep water pockets, excavated lagoons, or sand bag barriers to trap material at bottom. Inject "universal" gelling agent to solidify encircled spill and increase effectiveness of booms. If dissolved, in region of 10 ppm or greater concentration, apply activated carbon at ten times the spilled amount. Use mechanical dredges or lifts to remove immobilized masses of pollutants and precipitates.

Environmental considerations: Air spill: Apply water spray or mist to knock down vapors. Combustion products include corrosive or toxic vapors.

Stop or control the leak, if this can be done without undue risk. Use water spray to cool and disperse vapors and protect personnel. Control runoff and isolate discharged material for proper disposal.

[40 CFR 240-280, 300-306, 702-799 (7/1/2005)] Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U125, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U125, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Furfural is a waste chemical stream constituent which may be subjected to ultimate disposal by controlled incineration. /From table/

Group I Containers: Combustible containers from organic or metallo-organic pesticides (except organic mercury, lead, cadmium, or arsenic compounds) should be disposed of in pesticide incinerators or in specified landfill sites. /Organic or metallo-organic pesticides/

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for FURFURAL (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Personal protection: filter respirator for organic gases and particulates adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Collect leaking liquid in sealable containers. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Furfural was detected in 2 of 8 samples of mother's milk volatiles with two samples collected at each of four sites, Bayonne, NJ, Jersey City, NJ, Pittsburgh, PA, and Baton Rouge, LA; positive samples were from Jersey City and Baton Rouge(1).

Binary mixtures of aldehydes, incl furfural, were tested for toxicity to the protozoan Chilomonas paramecium. Significant incr (eight-fold) in toxicity were found with combinations of crotonaldehyde with furfural, benzaldehyde, and acrolein and acetaldehyde with furfural and acrolein. A lesser potentiation of toxicity (four-fold) was found with furfural and benzaldehyde.

Subacute experiments with epicutaneous exposure of guinea pigs to oil processing products (furfurol and D-11 mineral oil distillate) have revealed that these substances change blood leukocyte morphology and function and alter the quantitative ratio of immunocompetent cells. The depth of changes in these parameters was related to the type of exposure. Combined exposure resulted in more manifest shifts as against those in isolated exposure.

Hepatic

Eyes, skin, respiratory system

LC50 Lepomis macrochirus (Bluegill) 32 mg/L/24 hr; static /formulated product/

LC50 Lepomis macrochirus (Bluegill) 16 mg/L/48 hr; static /formulated product/

LD50 Agelaius phoeniceus (Redwinged blackbird) oral 98.0 mg/kg

LC50 Gambusia affinis (Western mosquitofish) 44 mg/L/24 hr; static /formulated product/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for FURFURAL (20 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 40(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 0.41(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that furfural is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of furfural from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 3.8X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 2.21 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 7.41X10+4 mg/L(5). Furfural is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(4). Furfural was shown to support the aerobic growth of organisms obtained from soil and grown on phenol(6) and 97% degradation was observed from 0.25-32 days at different furfural concentrations in a forest soil and municipal sewage mixture under anaerobic conditions(7). This suggests that furfural is susceptible to microbial degradation in soil under aerobic and anaerobic conditions.

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 40(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 0.41(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that furfural is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 3.8X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 2.21 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 7.41X10+4 mg/L(5). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 9.6 and 73 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(6), an estimated BCF of 3.2(SRC), from its log Kow(2) and a regression-derived equation(7), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Furfural is expected to undergo biodegradation under aerobic and anaerobic conditions in the aquatic environment with complete degradation occuring within 3-12 days(8) and 30 days(9), respectively. Also, furfural, present at 100 mg/L, reached 93.5% of its theoretical BOD in 2 weeks using an activated sludge inoculum at 30 mg/L and the Japanese MITI test(10).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), furfural, which has a vapor pressure of 2.21 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase furfural is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 5.5 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 3.51X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 27 °C(3). Furfural contains chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and therefore may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(4). The gas-phase concentration of furfural, present as a component of the smoke obtained from burning oak in a wood stove, was found to decrease when irradiated in an experimental chamber equipped both with sun lights and UV lights(5).

Furfural has been identified as a constituent of coffee aroma(1). Furfural was detected at a concentration of 0.02 ug/g in pineapple guava fruits collected from Berkeley, California (2). Furfural was found in canned cream, canned kernel, frozen kernel, and fresh kernel forms of cooked sweet corn at concentrations of 8, 7, 2, and <1 ppb, respectively(3). Concentrations of 610 and 13,000 ug/kg furfural were detected in microwave-oven produced popcorn volatiles(4). Furfural was detected at 700 and 800 ppb in rice cake volatiles(5). Furfural was identified as the dominant volatile flavor component of beef fried together with vegetables, soy sauce, and sugar, and it was present in two of the ingredients, beef and soy sauce(6). Furfural has been identified as a volatile flavor component of roasted filberts(7), fried bacon(8), nectarines(9), baked potatoes(10), and the neutral fraction of clove essential oil(11). Furfural has been identified in the aroma fraction of blue cheese fat(12). Furfural was detected as a flavor ingredient at 4.0 ppm in non-alcoholic beverages, 10 ppm in alcoholic beverages, 13 ppm in ice cream, ices, etc, 12 ppm in candy, 17 ppm in baked goods, 0.80 in gelatins and puddings, 45 ppm in chewing gum, and 30 ppm in syrups(13). Furfural was detected in the volatiles of two of three commercial fermented soybean curds brands collected at local markets in Hong Kong at concentrations of 11.9 and 283.5 ug/kg dry sample(14). Furfural was identified as a volatile constituent of kiwi fruit flowers collected from a farm in Hyogo, Japan during May 1998 and 1999(15). Concentrations of furfural ranging from 68.0 to 933 ng/ml with a median value of 280 ng/ml were detected in 7 commercial sake brands in Japan(16).

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation, through the skin and by ingestion.

inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Furfural was detected in 2 of 8 samples of mother's milk volatiles with two samples collected at each of four sites, Bayonne, NJ, Jersey City, NJ, Pittsburgh, PA, and Baton Rouge, LA; positive samples were from Jersey City and Baton Rouge(1).

IDENTIFICATION: 2-Furaldehyde is a liquid with a pungent almond-like odor. It is found in trace amounts in a number of dietary sources. HUMAN EXPOSURE: 2-Furaldehyde is present in many food items as a natural product or as a contaminant. Its presence in drinking water and mother's milk has been reported. Measured occupational exposures are available. Generally, airborne exposure in all industries is below 8 mg/cu m. Toxicokinetic data are limited, but there are indications that 2-furaldehyde is readily absorbed via the inhalation and dermal exposure routes. In humans, absorption of the vapor via both lungs and skin has been demonstrated. The metabolism of 2-furaldehyde in humans indicates a majority of the retained dose is excreted as urinary 2-furoylglycine. Furoic acid and furanacrylic acid are also detected as minor metabolites. Dermal absorption from liquid furaldehyde has also been observed. Sin and eye irritation have been reported. No throat or eye irritation was noted in humans exposed to 40 mg/cu m (10 ppm) for 8 hr or 80 mg/cu m (20 ppm) for 4 hr. There are no adequate data available regarding reproductive or developmental effects; hence it is not possible to evaluate the risk to human health for these endpoints. ANIMAL STUDIES: Acute toxicity data from animals are variable; overall, this compound is toxic by inhalation and oral routes, with no clear information about the dermal route. Malignant and benign tumors have been observed in rats and mice following oral exposure for 103 weeks. 2-Furaldehyde is clearly genotoxic in vitro in mammalian cells; although no firm conclusions can be drawn on the genotoxic potential of 2-furaldehyde in vivo, the possibility that the genotoxicity could contribute to the carcinogenic process cannot be discounted. Toxic thresholds for a variety of microorganisms have been reported. Acute LC50's for fish have also been documented.

The estimated daily intake of furfural from its use as a flavoring agent, calculated using 'poundage' data provided by the flavoring industry, was 9 ug/kg body weight in Europe and 8 ug/kg body weight in the U.S.(1). The intake of furfural from its use as a flavoring agent represents only a minor fraction of the total dietary intake of this substance(1).

Cough. Sore throat. Headache. Dizziness. Weakness. Shortness of breath.

Dry skin. Redness.

Redness. Pain.

Aspiration hazard!

irritation eyes, skin, upper respiratory system; headache; dermatitis

U125; As stipulated in 40 CFR 261.33, when furfural, as a commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product or a manufacturing chemical intermediate, becomes a waste, it must be managed according to Federal and/or State hazardous waste regulations. Also defined as a hazardous waste is any residue, contaminated soil, water, or other debris resulting from the cleanup of a spill, into water or on dry land, of this waste. Generators of small quantities of this waste may qualify for partial exclusion from hazardous waste regulations (40 CFR 261.5).

Section 8(a) of TSCA requires manufacturers of this chemical substance to report preliminary assessment information concerned with production, exposure, and use to EPA as cited in the preamble in 51 FR 41329.

Pursuant to section 8(d) of TSCA, EPA promulgated a model Health and Safety Data Reporting Rule. The section 8(d) model rule requires manufacturers, importers, and processors of listed chemical substances and mixtures to submit to EPA copies and lists of unpublished health and safety studies. 2-Furancarboxaldehyde is included on this list.

As the federal pesticide law FIFRA directs, EPA is conducting a comprehensive review of older pesticides to consider their health and environmental effects and make decisions about their future use. Under this pesticide reregistration program, EPA examines health and safety data for pesticide active ingredients initially registered before November 1, 1984, and determines whether they are eligible for reregistration. In addition, all pesticides must meet the new safety standard of the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. Pesticides for which EPA had not issued Registration Standards prior to the effective date of FIFRA '88 were divided into three lists based upon their potential for human exposure and other factors, with List B containing pesticides of greater concern and List D pesticides of less concern. Furfural is found on List B. Case No: 2305; Pesticide type: insecticide; Case Status: No products containing the pesticide are actively registered. Therefore, we are characterizing the case as "cancelled." Under FIFRA, pesticide producers may voluntarily cancel their registered products. EPA also may cancel pesticide registrations if registrants fail to pay required fees or make/meet certain reregistration commitments, or if EPA reaches findings of unreasonable adverse effects.; Active ingredient (AI): furfural; AI Status: The active ingredient is no longer contained in any registered products. Thus, we characterize it as "cancelled."

This action promulgates standards of performance for equipment leaks of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in the Synthetic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Industry (SOCMI). The intended effect of these standards is to require all newly constructed, modified, and reconstructed SOCMI process units to use the best demonstrated system of continuous emission reduction for equipment leaks of VOC, considering costs, non air quality health and environmental impact and energy requirements. Furfural is produced, as an intermediate or final product, by process units covered under this subpart.

Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 5,000 lb or 2,270 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b).

Furfural is designated as a hazardous substance under section 311(b)(2)(A) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and further regulated by the Clean Water Act Amendments of 1977 and 1978. These regulations apply to discharges of this substance. This designation includes any isomers and hydrates, as well as any solutions and mixtures containing this substance.

Furfural is metabolized primarily by oxidation of the aldehyde function in rats and mice. Oxidation yields furoic acid, which, as the coenzyme A (CoA) thioester, is either conjugated with glycine and excreted or condensed with acetyl CoA to form the chain-lengthened metabolite 2-furanacryloyl CoA. 2-furanacryloyl CoA conjugates with glycine and and is excreted primarily in the urine. In rats and mice, furoic acid appears to decarboxylate to a very minor extent (approximately 1%) via oxidation of the furan ring to yield carbon dioxide ... .

The aldehyde group is converted to an acid and this in turn is conjugated with glycine. In dogs and rabbits, furoic acid, furoyl glycine, and furfuracryluric acid are excreted.

It is metabolized very rapidly. Chief metabolite is furoylglycine, side metabolite is 2-furanacryluric acid. No furoic acid found.

Furfural and its metabolite furoylglycine were extracted from urine. About 60% of furfural dose orally admin to rats was recovered in urine as furoylglycine, and no urinary furfural was detected.

For more Metabolism/Metabolites (Complete) data for FURFURAL (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Analysis of expired air of volunteers exposed to vapor showed after termination of exposure very small proportion (less than 1%) of retained furfural is eliminated by lungs. It is metabolized very rapidly. Half-life is about 2 to 2.5 hours. No free furoic acid found. This compound enters the body also percutaneously. At 15 minutes contamination of 1 hand (up to the wrist), approximately the same amount of furfural is absorbed as would be retained at an 8 hour (or 4 hour) inspiration of air in concentration equaling maximum allowable concentration.

The liver is the primary target for furfural toxicity in rats and mice.

Furfural is well absorbed after administration by any route. In rats, 85% of C14-furfural administered by gavage in corn oil was recovered in urine within 72 hours. ... After oral administration, furfural is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed to the tissues, principally the liver and kidney.

The comparative metabolism and disposition of furfural (FAL) and furfuryl alcohol (FOL) /in male Fisher 344 rats/ were investigated following oral administration of approximately 0.001, 0.01, and 0.1 of the LD50, corresponding to approximately 0.127, 1.15, and 12.5 mg/kg for FAL and 0.275, 2.75, and 27.5 mg/kg for FOL. At all doses studied, at least 86-89% of the dose of FAL or FOL was absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. FAL and FOL were extensively metabolized prior to excretion. The major route of excretion was in urine, where 83-88% of the dose was excreted, whereas 2-4% was excreted in the feces. Approximately 7% of the dose from rats treated with FAL at 12.5 mg/kg was exhaled as 14CO2. At 72 hr following administration, the pattern of tissue distribution of radioactivity was similar for both FAL and FOL. Liver and kidney contained the highest, and brain the lowest concentrations of radioactivity. Generally, the concentrations of radioactivity in tissues were proportional to the dose. Almost all of the urinary radioactivity was tentatively identified. No FAL or FOL was detected in urine.

The fate of furfural (2-furancarboxaldehyde) was investigated in male and female Fischer 344 (F344) rats given single oral doses of 1, 10 and 60 mg/kg and male and female CD1 mice given 1, 20 and 200 mg/kg [carbonyl-14C]furfural. There was a very high recovery (more than 90% of dose) of radioactivity in all dose groups in 72 hr. The major route of elimination was by the urine, with much smaller amounts present in the faeces and exhaled as 14CO2. The residue in the carcass after 72 hr was less than 1% of the administered dose.

Used in solvent extraction in petroleum refining; used as a solvent for rubber cements, resins, and dyes; also used as a flavoring agent and chemical intermediate; [HSDB] Used to make furan-based chemicals; Decomposes into furan above 250 deg C; Polymerizes into furan-based resins in the presence of strong acid; One of the aldehydes in smoke, e.g., soldering, and present in many foods; Generally recognized as safe as a food flavor; Was used in high concentrations as a herbicide and fungicide; [ACGIH]

No longer contained in any registered pesticide products in the United States; [HSDB]

Molding and Core Making [Category: Foundry]

The active ingredient is no longer contained in any registered products ... "cancelled."

For furfural (USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 043301) there are 0 labels match. /SRP: Not registered for current use in the U.S., but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses./

Source of furfuryl alcohol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, furan, tetrahydrofuran, poly(oxytetramethylene) glycol and a variety of synthetic resins; for the extractive distillation of butadiene and other C4 hydrocarbons for the manufacture of synthetic rubber; and for the production of light-colored wood resins

(1984) 7.26X10+9 g

(1986) 8.17X10+6 lb

2023: 10,000,000 - <50,000,000 lb

This chemical is listed as a High Production Volume (HPV) (65FR81686). Chemicals listed as HPV were produced in or imported into the U.S. in >1 million pounds in 1990 and/or 1994. The HPV list is based on the 1990 Inventory Update Rule. (IUR) (40 CFR part 710 subpart B; 51FR21438).

(1983) 5.22X10+10 g

(1986) >100 million-500 million pounds

(1990) >50 million-100 million pounds

For more U.S. Production (Complete) data for FURFURAL (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

39% EXPORTED; 3% FOR FURFURYL ALCOHOL; 16% FOR SOLVENT USAGE (INCLUDING 8% FOR LUBRICATING OILS AND 7% FOR BUTADIENE); 9% FOR SYNTHESIS OF TETRAHYDROFURAN; 3% FOR MISC APPLICATIONS (1974)

48% FURFURYL ALCOHOL; 19% LUBE OIL REFINING; 19% TETRAHYDROFURAN; 5% BUTADIENE EXTRACTION; 9% OTHER (1983)

Furfural

2-Formylfuran; Fural; Furaldehyde; 2-Furaldehyde; 2-Furancarbonal; 2-Furancarboxaldehyde; Furfuraldehyde; α-Furfuraldehyde; 2-Furylcarboxaldehyde; Pyromucic aldehyde

IFRA_STD_098.pdf

49

IFRA 51st Amendment - Guidance for the use of IFRA Standards

Restriction: This material should be used only in the limited quantity as stated in the Standard

Furfural is produced from annually renewable agricultural sources /containing pentosans/ such as ... corncobs, cottonseed hulls ... rice hulls ... bagasse ... wood and wood products ... in batch or continuous digestors where the pentosans are hydrolyzed to pentoses and the pentoses subsequently cyclodehydrated to furfural. In all processes, raw material is charged to the digestor and treated with strong inorganic acid. High pressure steam is introduced through the mass and, after attaining operating temperature and pressure, furfural is steam distilled.

May be prepared from pyridine

GRADE: Technical, refined.

Natural, synthetic, industrial, 98% grades

Fragrance Ingredients

Flavouring Agent -> FLAVOURING_AGENTFood Additives -> EXTRACTION_SOLVENT -> JECFA Functional Classes

Flavoring Agents -> JECFA Flavorings Index

Flavouring Agent -> FLAVOURING_AGENTFood Additives -> EXTRACTION_SOLVENT -> JECFA Functional Classes

Flavouring Agent -> FLAVOURING_AGENTFood Additives -> EXTRACTION_SOLVENT -> JECFA Functional Classes

Flavouring Agent -> FLAVOURING_AGENTFood Additives -> EXTRACTION_SOLVENT -> JECFA Functional Classes

All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing

2-Furancarboxaldehyde: ACTIVE

QO chemicals /formerly Quaker Oats Co, Chem Div, was the only USA producer of furfural in 1984/

NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, 4.0 PPM; ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, 10 PPM; ICE CREAM, ICES, ETC, 13 PPM; CANDY, 12 PPM; BAKED GOODS, 17 PPM; GELATINS & PUDDINGS, 0.80 PPM; CHEWING GUM, 45 PPM; SYRUPS, 30 PPM.