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Excerpt from ERG Guide 115 [Gases - Flammable (Including Refrigerated Liquids)]:

Shut off supply; if not possible and no risk to surroundings, let the fire burn itself out. In other cases extinguish with powder, foam, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep cylinder cool by spraying with water.

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

First rinse with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, then remove contaminated clothes and rinse again.

Rinse with plenty of water (remove contact lenses if easily possible). Refer for medical attention.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 115 [Gases - Flammable (Including Refrigerated Liquids)]:

General First Aid:

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

1000.0 [ppm]

FIRE FIGHTING: Move container from fire area if it can be done without risk. Cool containers with water spray until well after the fire is out. Stay away from the ends of tanks. For fires in cargo or storage area: Cool containers with water from unmanned hose holder or monitor nozzles until well after fire is out. If this is impossible then take the following precautions: Keep unnecessary people away, isolate hazard area and deny entry. Let the fire burn. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety device or any discoloration of tanks due to fire. For tank, rail car or tank truck: Stop leak if possible without personal risk. Let burn unless leak can be stopped immediately. For smaller tanks or cylinders, extinguish and isolate from other flammables. Evacuation radius: 800 meters (1/2 mile). Do not attempt to extinguish fire unless flow of material can be stopped first. Flood with fine water spray. Cool containers with water spray until well after the fire is out. Apply water from a protected location or from a safe distance. Avoid inhalation of material or combustion by-products. Stay upwind and keep out of low areas. Evacuate if fire gets out of control or containers are directly exposed to fire. Evacuation radius: 500 meters (1/3 mile). Consider downwind evacuation if material is leaking. Stop flow of gas.

EXTINGUISHING MEDIA: carbon dioxide, regular dry chemical. Large fires: Flood with fine water spray.

Do not extinguish the fire unless the flow of gas can be stopped and any remaining gas is out of the line. Specially trained personnel may use fog lines to cool exposures and let the fire burn itself out.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. Use "alcohol" foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible.

Prior to working with this chemical you should be trained on its proper handling and storage. Before entering a confined space where this chemical may be present, check to make sure that an explosive concentration does not exist. Store in tightly closed containers in a cool, well-ventilated area away from heat. Sources of ignition such as smoking and open flames are prohibited where this chemical is used, handled, or stored. Drums must be equipped with self-closing valves, pressure vacuum bungs, and flame arresters. Use only non-sparking tools and equipment, especially when opening and closing containers of this chemical. Where this chemical is used, handled, manufactured, or stored, use explosion-proof electrical equipment and fittings. Procedures for handling, use, and storage of cylinders should be in compliance with OSHA 1910.101 and 1910.169 as with the recommendations of the Compressed Gas Association.

Store and handle in accordance with all current regulations and standards. Subject to storage regulations: U.S. OSHA 29 CFR 1910.101. Grounding and bonding required. Keep separated from incompatible substances.

Evacuate and restrict persons not wearing protective equipment from area of spill or leak until cleanup is complete. Remove all ignition sources. Establish forced ventilation to keep levels below explosive limit. Stop the flow of gas if it can be done safely. If source of leak is a cylinder and the leak cannot be stopped in place, remove leaking cylinder to a safe place in the open air, and repair leak or allow cylinder to empty. Keep this chemical out of a confined space ... because of the possibility of an explosion ... It may be necessary to contain and dispose of this chemical as a hazardous waste. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. Contact your Department of Environmental Protection or your regional office of the federal EPA for specific recommendations. If employees are required to clean up spills, they must be properly trained and equipped. OSHA 1910.120(q) may be applicable.

Environmental considerations -land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ Dike surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete. Absorb bulk liquid with fly ash, cement powder, or commercial sorbents.

Environmental considerations - water spill: Use natural barriers or oil spill control booms to limit spill travel. Remove trapped material with suction hose.

Environmental considerations -air spill: Apply water spray or mist to knock down vapors.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number D001, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

Incineration /SRP: with appropriate emission controls/.

Dispose in accordance with all applicable regulations. Subject to disposal regulations: U.S. EPA 40 CFR 262. Hazardous Waste Number(s): D001.

The inducing effect of phenobarbital on the hydroxylation activity of rat liver microsomes was investigated. The time course of the hydroxylation reaction was measured separately for the various isomeric alcohols examined. The effect of aliphatic substrates on the difference spectra of microsomes from untreated control and phenobarbital induced rats was examined. The amount of cytochrome-P-450 formed was measured spectroscopically. Linearity of the yields of the alcohols examined with the microsomal protein concentrations and with time was observed up to 2 milligrams per milliliter and this concentration of microsomal protein was used in the assays. During microsomal hydroxylation the isomeric alcohols were formed by identical non linear kinetics in both pretreated and uninduced microsomes. Induction by phenobarbital caused a 4 to 5 fold increase in specific activity for all substrates: n-pentane , 2-methylbutane, 2,2-dimethylpropane , n-butane , isobutane, and methylcyclohexane. The specific activities for all substrates were in the same order of magnitude. For all aliphatic substrates phenobarbital induction increased the specific activity parallel to the shift in the oxidized cytochrome-P-450 spectrum. This was measured by the difference spectrum showing a peak at 388 nanometers and a trough at 420 nanometers after addition of the substrate to the microsomal suspension. In general, phenobarbital pretreatment produced a 4 to 5 fold increase in the substrate binding difference spectrum. The authors conclude that these aliphatic substrates are hydroxylated by the same cytochrome-P-450 species. Results are consistent with the hypothesis that cytochrome-P-450 forms a reversible enzyme/substrate complex which is reduced in the rate limiting step of the hydroxylation sequence.

Pentane is a central nervous system depressant and can cause loss of consciousness and coma at high doses. Ingestion may cause pulmonary toxicity due to pentane aspiration, including chemical pneumonitis, acute lung injury, and hemorrhage. Cardiovascular effects may include ventricular dysrhythmias and sudden death. (T29, A600)

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 500(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 2,2-dimethylpropane is expected to have moderate mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of 2,2-dimethylpropane from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 2.2 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), based upon its vapor pressure, 1290 mm Hg(3), and water solubility, 33.2 mg/L(4). 2,2-Dimethylpropane is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(3). The highly branched structure of 2,2-dimethylpropane suggests that biodegradation in soil will be slow(5).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 500(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that 2,2-dimethylpropane is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 2.2 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 1290 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 33.2 mg/L(5). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 2.5 hours and 3.4 days, respectively(SRC). 2,2-Dimethylpropane is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(3). According to a classification scheme(6), an estimated BCF of 52(SRC), from its log Kow of 3.11(7) and a regression-derived equation(2), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate(SRC). The highly branched structure of 2,2-dimethylpropane suggests that biodegradation in water will be slow(8).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 2,2-dimethylpropane, which has a vapor pressure of 1290 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a gas in the ambient atmosphere. Gas-phase 2,2-dimethylpropane is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 19 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 8.25X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). 2,2-Dimethylpropane does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Dimethylpropane is a colorless flammable gas or a volatile liquid. It is used as a research chemical and in the manufacture of butyl rubber. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Drinking of dimethylpropane is expected to cause nausea, vomiting, stomach pain, and diarrhea. Dimethylpropane is expected to be a potential aspiration hazard when swallowed because of its low surface tension and low viscosity. Once in the respiratory system, it can lead to spasms of the bronchial system, edema and hemorrhaging, chemical pneumonitis, asphyxia, or death. Signs and symptoms include coughing, choking, and gasping. Dimethylpropane vapor is nontoxic when inhaled except at very high concentrations exceeding the lower flammability limit. When large quantities are inhaled, dimethylpropane acts as an anesthetic and asphyxiant. At these high levels it will cause CNS depression such as drowsiness, anesthesia, and at higher concentrations, coma and death. Repeated or prolonged contact with skin may cause dermatitis. No further studies on human exposure or toxicity could be located. ANIMAL STUDIES: Dimethylpropane caused light anesthesia in mice exposed to 200,000 ppm for 30 min and anesthesia (loss of posture) at 270,000 ppm for 3 min exposure. Dimethylpropane was lethal to 40% of the mice exposed for 2 hr at a concentration of 340,000 ppm. After 2 hr of anesthesia, the surviving mice recovered quickly on average in 4 min. Dimethylpropane is hydroxylated by rat liver microsomes to its parent alcohol 2,2-dimethylpropanol. No other animal studies could be located.

Pentane is a central nervous system depressant. It affects the peripheral nervous system through demyelinization and axonal degeneration. (T29)

Dizziness. Drowsiness. Headache.

ON CONTACT WITH LIQUID: FROSTBITE.

ON CONTACT WITH LIQUID: FROSTBITE.

Pentane is a central nervous system depressant and can cause anorexia, euphoria, dizziness, headache, depression, confusion, inability to concentrate, anoxia, narcosis, and loss of consciousness and coma at high concentrations. Contact with the skin results in cause drying, erythema, hyperpigmentation, hyperemia, dermatitis, burning pain, and blisters. (T14, T29, A600)

2,2-Dimethylpropane is a hydrocarbon specie of industry average gasoline and EPA certification gasoline at 0.034 and 0.067%, respectively(1). Analyses of these fuel emissions reveal that cold start exhaust emissions from gasoline-burning engines contained 2,2-dimethylpropane at a relative amount of 0.06% of the total composition of the emission(1). 2,2-Dimethylpropane was not detected in either hot stab or hot start emissions(1). 2,2-Dimethylpropane was detected in both diurnal and running losses type evaporative emissions at 0.04% and 0.19%, respectively, of the total composition of the emission but was not detected in hot soak evaporative emissions(1). The amount of 2,2-dimethylpropane in gasoline exhaust was estimated as 26.5 ug/L based on fuel-composition of samples taken across California in 2010(2). 2,2-Dimethylpropane was not detected in the emissions from 6 small off-road engines (2- and 4- stroke, manufactured 2002-2006) or from a 1998 diesel fueled transport refrigeration unit(3).

Using 16 different combinations of fuel (honeycomb coal briquette, coal briquette, washed and unprocessed coal powder, wood, wheat, maize, kerosene, liquid propane gas, coal gas, natural gas) and stoves (metal with and without flue, brick, kerosene wick, traditional liquid propane, traditional gas), 2,2-dimethylpropane was only detected in the emissions from liquid propane gas stove at 1.62 mg/kg of fuel used(1).

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of 2,2-dimethylpropane can be estimated to be 500(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that 2,2-dimethylpropane is expected to have moderate mobility in soil.

2,2-Dimethylpropane

1

10000

Flammable chemical that can be released at a facility.