1-Propanol

Cosmetic ingredients (Propyl Alcohol) -> CIR (Cosmetic Ingredient Review)

Antifoaming; Solvent

log Kow= 0.25

0.25

0.25

0.28

Similar to ethanol

Odor perception threshold: <0.07-100 mg/cu-m; odor recognition threshold: 0.32-150 mg/cu m

CHARACTERISTIC RIPE, FRUITY FLAVOR

Taste detection: 7.50X10+3 ppm, purity of sample not specified

Burning taste

0.803 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Less dense than water; will float

0.8053 @ 20 °C/4 °C

% IN "SATURATED" AIR: 2.7 (25 °C); DENSITY OF "SATURATED" AIR: 1.028 (AIR= 1) @ 25 °C; 1 MG/L= 408 PPM & 1 PPM= 2.45 MG/CU M @ 25 °C, 760 MM HG

Coefficient of cubical expansion: 9.56X10-7 at 0-94 °C; critical density: 0.2734; electrical conductivity: 2X10-3 mho/cm at 25 °C; specific heat: 0.586 cal/g/deg C at 25 °C; wt/gal: 6.7 lb at 20 °C

Heat capacity, liquid @ 25 °C = 141 J/mol-K; flash point, Tag open cup = 28.9 °C; autoignition temp = 371.1 °C; explosive limit, in air = 2.2 vol% (lower), 14.0 vol% (upper); electrical conductivity @ 25 °C = 2X10-8 mho; critical density = 0.275 g/cu-cm

Relative density (water = 1): 0.8 (20 °C)

Danger

H225: Highly Flammable liquid and vapor [Danger Flammable liquids]

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P264+P265, P271, P280, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P317, P319, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for < 0.1% (1 of 3950) of reports.

Danger

H225 (> 99.9%): Highly Flammable liquid and vapor [Danger Flammable liquids]

Chemical: 1-Propanol

Regulation (EC) No 178/2002 (amended)

1-Propanol is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of 1-Propanol are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)

Status: Active Update: 08-05-2023 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/14586

1-Propanol: HSNO Approval: HSR001215 Approved with controls

The New Jersey Worker and Community Right to Know Act requires public and private employers to provide information about hazardous substances at their workplaces. (N.J.S.A. 34:5A-1 et. seq.)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 129 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Miscible / Noxious)]:

· HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames.

· HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames.

Highly flammable. Vapour/air mixtures are explosive. Risk of fire and explosion on contact with strong acids or strong oxidants.

Dangerous upon exposure to heat or flame; can react vigorously with oxidizing materials.

Ignites on contact with potassium-tert-butoxide.

Contact with eyes is extremely irritating and may cause burns. Vapors irritate nose and throat. In high concentrations, may cause nausea, dizziness, headache, and stupor. (USCG, 1999)

· May cause toxic effects if inhaled or absorbed through skin.

· May cause toxic effects if inhaled or absorbed through skin.

A mucous membrane irritant similar to isopropyl alcohol, n-propyl alcohol produces narcosis in animals inhaling high concentrations. It causes severe liver injury in chronic feeding studies of laboratory animals. [ACGIH] Irritating to the eyes; Inhalation of high concentrations can cause CNS depression; [ICSC]

1274 129

1274 129

1274 129

Propyl alcohol is a food additive permitted for direct addition to food for human consumption as a synthetic flavoring substance and adjuvant in accordance with the following conditions: a) they are used in the minimum quantity required to produce their intended effect, and otherwise in accordance with all the principles of good manufacturing practice, and 2) they consist of one or more of the following, used alone or in combination with flavoring substances and adjuvants generally recognized as safe in food, prior-sanctioned for such use, or regulated by an appropriate section in this part.

Propyl alcohol is an indirect food additive for use only as a component of adhesives.

Normal propyl alcohol may be safely used in feeds and feed supplements for cattle as a source of metabolizable energy. It is incorporated in the fed or feed supplement in an amount which provides not more than 54.5 g of the additive per head per day.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 129 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Miscible / Noxious)]:

Use water spray, powder, alcohol-resistant foam, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

Fresh air, rest.

First rinse with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, then remove contaminated clothes and rinse again.

Rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible). Refer immediately for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting. Refer immediately for medical attention.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for n-Propyl alcohol:

General First Aid:

General First Aid:

(General first aid procedures)

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

To fight fire use alcohol foam, carbon dioxide, dry chemical.

/During/ fire fighting self-contained breathing apparatus with full facepiece operated in pressure demand or other positive pressure mode /should be worn./

Absorb on paper. Evaporate on a glass or iron dish in hood. Burn the paper.

Countermeasures recommended for treating spills: activated charcoal, biological treatment agent, gelling agent, absorbing agent, dispersing agent.

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

1. By absorbing it in vermiculite, dry sand, earth or a similar material and disposing in an ... /approved/ sanitary landfill. 2. By atomizing in a suitable combustion chamber.

The following wastewater treatment technologies have been investigated for n-propanol: Biological treatment.

Incineration: Waste liquid can be atomized in an incinerator or can be disposed of by way of a licensed solvent disposal company or can be reclaimed.

n-Propanol was detected in 1 of 12 samples of mother's milk from 4 urban areas in the United States(1). The avg and range of n-propanol concns in human breath due to metabolic processes is 130 ug/cu-m and not detected-1,270 ug/cu m (8 subjects in zero air), respectively (2).

N-PROPANOL INHIBITED N-NITROSODIMETHYLAMINE METABOLISM IN ISOLATED PERFUSED RAT LIVER.

IN VITRO ... WITH RAT LIVER SLICES BIOTRANSFORMATION OF CHLORAL HYDRATE TO TRICHLOROETHANOL WAS FOUND TO BE ENHANCED MORE EFFECTIVELY BY N-PROPANOL AND N-BUTANOL THAN BY ETHANOL ...

ADDING 1 G/L OF PROPAN-1-OL, PROPAN-2-OL, BUTAN-1-OL, BUTAN-2-OL, ISOBUTANOL TO 40% ETHANOL IN ORANGE JUICE LOWERED AND DELAYED BLOOD ETHANOL MAX IN 10 20-30 YR-OLD MEN WHO DRANK 3.75 ML/KG OF SYNTHETIC BEVERAGE.

CUTANEOUS REACTIONS TO N-PROPANOL WERE EVALUATED IN A CONTROL GROUP & IN PATIENTS BEFORE & DURING RECEIPT OF DISULFIRAM THERAPY. LOCAL CUTANEOUS ERYTHEMA WAS OBSERVED FROM PATCH TESTS WITH N-PROPANOL IN HYDRATED SKIN. SINCE REACTIONS NOTED FROM TOPICALLY APPLIED ALCOHOLS BEFORE & DURING DISULFIRAM THERAPY WERE NOT STATISTICALLY DIFFERENT, A LOCALIZED DISULFIRAM-ALCOHOL REACTION IS UNLIKELY. ERYTHEMA RESULTING FROM TOPICALLY APPLIED ALCOHOLS OCCURRED IN A DOSE RELATED MANNER & WAS CAUSED BY A DIRECT VASODILATORY EFFECT ON THE CUTANEOUS MICROVASCULATURE.

LC50 Pimephales promelas (fathead minnows) 4.48 g/l/96 hr (95% confidence limit 4.10-4.88 g/l); age 30 days old, water hardness 47.0 mg/l (CaCO3), temp 27.7 °C, pH 7.40, dissolved oxygen 5.4 mg/l, alkalinity 43.0 mg/l (CaCO3), tank vol: 1.0 l, additions: 36 vol/day (flow-through bioassay)

LC50 Ambystoma mexicanum (Mexican axolotl) 4000 mg/l/48 hr (3-4 wk after hatching) /Conditions of bioassay not specified/

LC50 Clawed toads 4000 mg/l/48 hr (3-4 wk after hatching) /Conditions of bioassay not specified/

LD100 Semotilus atromaculatus (creek chub) 500 mg/l/24 hr in Detroit river water /Conditions of bioassay not specified/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for N-PROPANOL (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a Koc value of 33(SRC) determined from a log Kow of 0.25(2), and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that n-propanol is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of n-propanol from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 7.41X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(4). The potential for volatilization of n-propanol from dry soil surfaces may exist(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 21 mm Hg(5). n-Propanol is readily degraded in aerobic systems(6-9); the range of half-lives for aerobic degradation using a sewage sludge inoculum are <1 day to 11 days(SRC). n-Propanol has also been shown to be readily degraded under anaerobic conditions(9).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 33(SRC), determined from an measured log Kow of 0.25(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that n-propanol is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 7.41X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 62 hours and 31 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 3(SRC) from a log Kow(2) and a regression-derived equation(6), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). n-Propanol is readily degraded in aerobic systems(7-10); the range of half-lives for aerobic degradation using a sewage sludge inoculum are <1 day to 11 days(SRC). n-Propanol has also been shown to be readily degraded under anaerobic conditions(10).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), n-propanol, which has a vapor pressure of 21.0 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere(SRC). Vapor-phase n-propanol is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 2.9 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 5.53X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3).

Alcoholic beverages nearly always contain n-propanol as a product of fermentation(1). Beer contains up to 195 mg/l, wine up to 116 mg/l, various types of spirits up to 3520 mg/l, and neat ethanol up to 2910 mg/l(1). n-Propanol is present at low levels as a flavor volatile in a variety of foodstuffs and non-alcoholic drinks, eg: kefir culture, cream culture, filberts (roasted), raw milk, heat-treated milk, Kumazasa Sasa albomarginata, heated triolein, boiled buckwheat flour, tomato (ripe, juice, puree, and paste), Kogyoku apple, apple and apple juice, white bread, butter, cheddar/Swiss cheese, soy sauce, fish sauce, pigweed, winged bean (raw/roasted), soybean (raw, roasted), potato tuber, roasted watermelon seeds, babco fruit, tilsit cheese, endive, Valancia orange juice(1).n-Propanol was identified in fermentation brine of pimentos used for stuffing olives(2). n-Propanol was found in 31 commercial brines - 180 to 380 mg n-propanol/l ethyl alcohol; Cahors wine: 33 mg n-propanol/l wine; Corbiers wine: 12 mg n-propanol/l wine; Jamaican Rum: 31,300 mg n-propanol/l ethyl alcohol(2). The mean concn of n-propanol in headspace volatiles of Cabernet Sauvignon wines from the Napa Valley, CA ranged from 0.001 to 0.778 mg/l(3). n-Propanol has been detected (not quantified) in milk products including kefir and yogurt, and traces have been detected in fermented eggs(4). The range of concns of n-propanol in the volatile components of orange juices were 50-1140 ppb(5).

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its vapour, by ingestion and through the skin.

inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Dizziness. Drowsiness. Headache. Nausea. Weakness. Incoordination. Confusion.

Redness. Pain. Blurred vision.

Aspiration hazard! Abdominal pain. Sore throat. Vomiting. See Inhalation.

irritation eyes, nose, throat; dry cracking skin; drowsiness, headache; ataxia, gastrointestinal pain; abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea; In Animals: narcosis

n-Propanol was found in 4 of 6 leachate samples from Minnesota landfills with a range of concns from 76-37,000 ug/l(1). n-Propanol was also found in groundwater suspected of leachate contamination (based on levels of inorganics) at a concn of 55 ug/l (2 of 13 samples), but not detected in ground water where inorganics levels indicated good or unknown water quality(1). The concn of n-propanol in municipal landfill leachates (compiled from 13 sources) was 11 mg/l(2). n-Propanol was identified in the volatile emissions from kitchen waste, kitchen waste exudate, and garden waste(3).

Propyl alcohol is a food additive permitted for direct addition to food for human consumption as a synthetic flavoring substance and adjuvant in accordance with the following conditions: a) they are used in the minimum quantity required to produce their intended effect, and otherwise in accordance with all the principles of good manufacturing practice, and 2) they consist of one or more of the following, used alone or in combination with flavoring substances and adjuvants generally recognized as safe in food, prior-sanctioned for such use, or regulated by an appropriate section in this part.

Propyl alcohol is an indirect food additive for use only as a component of adhesives.

Normal propyl alcohol may be safely used in feeds and feed supplements for cattle as a source of metabolizable energy. It is incorporated in the fed or feed supplement in an amount which provides not more than 54.5 g of the additive per head per day.

Residues of n-propanol are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used as a solvent or cosolvent in accordance with good agricultural practice as inert (or occasionally active) ingredients in pesticide formulations applied to growing crops or to raw agricultural commodities after harvest.

n-Propanol is exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used as a solvent for blended emulsifiers in accordance with good agricultural practice as inert (or occasionally active) ingredients in pesticide formulations applied to growing crops only.

n-Propanol is exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used as a solvent for blended emulsifiers in accordance with good agricultural practice as inert (or occasionally active) ingredients in pesticide formulations applied to animals.

This action promulgates standards of performance for equipment leaks of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in the Synthetic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Industry (SOCMI). The intended effect of these standards is to require all newly constructed, modified, and reconstructed SOCMI process units to use the best demonstrated system of continuous emission reduction for equipment leaks of VOC, considering costs, non air quality health and environmental impact and energy requirements. n-Propyl alcohol is produced, as an intermediate or a final product, by process units covered under this subpart.

D08AX03

D - Dermatologicals

QD - Dermatologicals

... PROPANOL ... MAY FORM ETHEREAL ... /SULFATE/

1-PROPANOL IS METABOLIZED BY THE ENZYME ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE. IT IS READILY OXIDIZED IN THE BODY, FIRST TO PROPIONIC ACID AND THEN TO CARBON DIOXIDE, WATER AND PERHAPS A SMALL AMOUNT OF LACTIC ACID.

... HEPATIC MICROSOMES CATALYZED THE OXIDATION OF PROPANOL TO ITS ALDEHYDE IN THE RAT. THE REACTION REQUIRED OXYGEN & NICOTINAMIDE-ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHATE, WAS INHIBITED BY CARBON DIOXIDE AND ACTED INDEPENDENTLY OF CATALASE & ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE.

Cytochrome p450 isozyme 3a, isolated from hepatic microsomes of rabbits treated chronically with ethyl alcohol, had a unique substrate specificity when compared with isozymes 2, 3b, 3c, and 4. Form 3a has unusually high activity in the p-hydroxylation of aniline and in the oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes. Isozyme 3a catalyzes the oxidation of methyl alcohol, propyl alcohol, and butanol as well as ethyl alcohol.

For more Metabolism/Metabolites (Complete) data for N-PROPANOL (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

PROPANOL-1 IS ABSORBED FROM GI TRACT & LUNGS. IT CAN BE ABSORBED FROM THE SKIN IF A SIGNIFICANT AMOUNT IS CONFINED TO THE SKIN. 1-PROPANOL IS ABSORBED MORE READILY THAN ETHANOL. ...

... USING ABDOMINAL AUTOPSY /HUMAN/ SKIN IN A DIFFUSION CHAMBER ... 1-PROPANOL PENETRATED THE SKIN MORE RAPIDLY FROM SOLUTION IN NONPOLAR SOLVENTS SUCH AS ISOPROPYL PALMITATE, OLIVE OIL, & MINERAL OIL THAN FROM SOLUTION IN SALINE.

FOLLOWING AN ORAL DOSE OF 2 G/KG TO RATS, 0.13% OF THE DOSE WAS EXCRETED IN THE URINE. ... 1.65% /WAS/ EXCRETED IN THE EXPIRED AIR & 0.7% EXCRETED IN THE URINE FOLLOWING AN ORAL DOSE OF 2 ML/KG TO RABBITS.

Urine was analyzed immediately, 1, 2, 8, and 9 hr after drinking (during 2 hr) 3.75 ml/kg of beverages containing orange juice, 15 or 40% ethanol, and and 1 g/l of 1-propanol, 2-propanol, 1-butanol, 2-butanol, isobutyl alcohol or a mixture of 1-propanol & isobutyl alcohol. Maximum urine levels /in mg/l/ were found 1 hr after drinking ended: 1-propanol 5.04, 2-propanol 3.36, 1-butanol 0.43, 2-butanol 2.55, isobutyl alcohol ... 1.7-2.03 mg/l. Urine treatment with beta-glucuronidase before analysis indicated that significant amounts of the alcohols were excreted as glucuronides, esp isobutyl alcohol. 2-Propanol and 2-butanol were the slowest to be metabolized. When mixtures of alcohols were given, the concentrations of isobutyl alcohol glucuronides were high with the mixtures containing 5 and 15% ethanol, and decreased at 40% ethanol.

CIR ingredient: Propyl Alcohol

Used as a solvent, antiseptic, and chemical intermediate; [ACGIH] Used as a solvent in inks, pesticides, and lacquers; [HSDB]

Metal Degreasing [Category: Clean]

For n-Propanol (USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 047502) there are 0 labels match. /SRP: Not registered for current use in the U.S., but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses./

Solvent for natural gums, polyvinyl butyral, polishes, pharmaceuticals; in lacquers and dopes, cosmetics, dental lotions

Solvent; chemical intermediate; specialty solvent in flexographic printing inks particularly for printing on polyolefin and polyamide film; mfg of n-propyl acetate, n-propylamines, glycol ethers; as a ruminant feed supplement; flavor and fragrance in foods; solvent or cosolvent in pesticide formulations.

Sales specifications: water (0.1 wt%), acidity (0.003 wt% as acetic acid); 2-methylpentanal (10 ppm)

Water (< or = 0.1 wt%); aldehydes (< or = 0.2 wt%); ethanol (< or = 10 mg/kg); methanol (< or = 100 mg/kg)

(1978) 1.28X10+10 G

(1982) 1.51X10+10 G

(1987) 4.30X10+7 lb

(1988) 5.12X10+7 lb

(1978) 4.55X10+6 G

(1982) 2.95X10+7 G

(1986) 2.86X10+5 lb

2023: 550,000,000 - <700,000,000 lb

(1978) 7.37X10+10 G

(1982) 5.79X10+10 G

(1985) 1.45X10+6 lb

(1987) 1.86X10+8 lb

In 1993 (worldwide): 110,000 tons/yr

CHEM INT FOR N-PROPYLAMINES, 37%; SOLVENT, 23%; CHEM INT FOR N-PROPYL ACETATE, 18%; FEED ADDITIVE FOR CATTLE, 3%; CHEM INT FOR OTHER CHEMICALS, 19% (1980)

Flexographic printing inks(40%); mfg of n-propyl acetate(33%) n-propylamines(18%), and glycol ethers(12%).

... obtained ... /from crude fusel oil/ by fractionation; available as byproduct of reaction between carbon monoxide and hydrogen.

It is by-product of the synthesis of methyl alcohol by high pressure & in the propane/butane oxidation process.

CAN BE ISOLATED FROM HEAD FRACTIONS DURING DISTILLATION OF WINE ... OR FROM TAIL FRACTIONS DURING RECTIFICATION OF SPIRITS.

The production of n-propanol by hydroformulation or oxo technology is a two step process in which ethylene is first hydroformulated to propanal; the resulting propanal is hydrogenated to n-propanol.

n-Propanol is one of the products from Sasol's Fischer-Tropsch process. Coal is gasified...to produce synthesis gas /which is catalyzed by a powdered iron-based catalyst to produce/ a mixture of hydrocarbons and oxygenates. The alcohol streams are further purified by distillation to yield pure n-propanol.

EPA Safer Chemical Functional Use Classes -> Solvents

Safer Chemical Classes -> Green half-circle - The chemical is expected to be of low concern

Fragrance Ingredients

Flavouring Agent -> FLAVOURING_AGENTFood Additives -> CARRIER_SOLVENT; EXTRACTION_SOLVENT -> JECFA Functional Classes

Flavoring Agents -> JECFA Flavorings Index

Flavouring Agent -> FLAVOURING_AGENTFood Additives -> CARRIER_SOLVENT; EXTRACTION_SOLVENT -> JECFA Functional Classes

Pharmaceutical and Medicine Manufacturing

1-Propanol: ACTIVE