フッ化水素酸

1.23 for 70% solution (ICSC, 2024) - Denser than water; will sink

0.991 at 67.1 °F (EPA, 1998) - Less dense than water; will float

1.002 at 0 °C/4 °C

Critical density, 0.29 g/mL; critical compressibility factor 0.117; density, liquid: 0.958 g/mL at 25 °C; heat of fusion: 3.931 kJ/mol at 83.6 °C; heat capacity at constant pressure (liquid at 16 °C): 50.6 J/(mol K); heat of formation, ideal gas: -272.5 kJ/mol at 25 °C; free energy of formation, ideal gas: -274.6 kJ/mol at 25 °C entropy, ideal gas: 173.7 J/(mol K) at 25 °C; molar refractivity: 2.13 cu cm; dielectric constant: 83.6 at 0 °C; dipole moment: 6.104X10-30 Cm; thermal conductivity at 25 °C (J/s cm °C): 4.1X10-3 (liquid); 2.1X10-4 vapor; cryoscopic constant (Kf): 1.52 m/kg °C; ebullioscopic constant (Kb): 1.9 mol/kg °C

Relative density (water = 1): 1.0 (liquid at 4 °C)

Relative density (water = 1): 1.23

Miscible (ICSC, 2024)

Miscible (NIOSH, 2024)

Miscible with water

Very soluble in water

Very soluble in alcohol, slightly soluble in ether, soluble in many organic solvents

Solubility (wt% at 5 °C): 2.54 (benzene); 1.80 (toluene); 1.28 (m-xylene); 0.27 (tetralin)

152 °F at 760 mmHg for 70% solution (ICSC, 2024)

67.1 °F at 760 mmHg (EPA, 1998)

19.51 °C; 2.5 °C at 400 mm Hg; -13.2 °C at 200 mm Hg; -28.2 °C at 100 mm Hg; -45.0 °C at 40 mm Hg; -56.0 °C at 20 mm Hg; -74.7 °C at 5 mm Hg

20 °C

66,4 °C

67 °F

-92.2 °F for 70% solution (ICSC, 2024)

-118.4 °F (EPA, 1998)

-83.57 °C

-83 °C

- 69 °C

-118 °F

1.86 at 77 °F for 70% solution (ICSC, 2024) - Heavier than air; will sink (Relative to Air)

0.7 (EPA, 1998) - Lighter than air; will rise (Relative to Air)

1.27 (Air = 1) at 34 °C

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 0.7-2.6

Relative vapor density (air = 1): 1.86 (at 25 °C)

1.86

Danger

H300: Fatal if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]；H310: Fatal in contact with skin [Danger Acute toxicity, dermal]；H314: Causes severe skin burns and eye damage [Danger Skin corrosion/irritation]；H330: Fatal if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, inhalation]

P260, P262, P264, P270, P271, P280, P284, P301+P316, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P320, P321, P330, P361+P364, P363, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Danger

Chemical: Hydrofluoric acid；Specific Information Requirement: Obligations to provide information apply. These obligations are:；1. If the assessment report about the chemical recommends secondary notification of the chemical in particular circumstances and any of the circumstances occur in relation to the introduction (importation or manufacture) of the chemical by a person, then the person introducing this chemical must tell us in writing within 28 calendar days that the circumstances have occurred.；2. A person who introduces this chemical must tell us in writing within 28 calendar days if they become aware of any of the following circumstances, namely, that since the assessment under the Industrial Chemicals (Notification and Assessment) Act 1989:；a. the function or use of the chemical has changed, or is likely to change, significantly;；b. the amount of the chemical being introduced has increased, or is likely to increase, significantly;；c. in the case of a chemical not manufactured, or proposed to be manufactured, in Australia at the time of the assessment—it has begun to be manufactured in Australia;；d. the method of manufacture of the chemical in Australia has changed, or is likely to change, in a way that may result in an increased risk of an adverse effect of the chemical on occupational health and safety, public health or the environment;；e. additional information has become available to the person as to an adverse effect of the chemical on occupational health and safety, public health or the environment.

Hazard Traits - Musculoskeletal Toxicity; Ocular Toxicity; Respiratory Toxicity；Authoritative List - CA TACs; OEHHA RELs；Report - if used as a fragrance or flavor ingredient

Hydrofluoric acid is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of Hydrofluoric acid are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)

Status: Active Update: 26-04-2023 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/16074；Status: Cease Manufacture Update: 26-03-2018 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/23170

Hydrofluoric acid: Does not have an individual approval but may be used under an appropriate group standard

The New Jersey Worker and Community Right to Know Act requires public and private employers to provide information about hazardous substances at their workplaces. (N.J.S.A. 34:5A-1 et. seq.)

PEC / SN / Other assessments - Hydrofluoric acid: Health and Environment

- Indoor Air: Hydrogen fluoride/hydrofluoric acid can be released into indoor air as a liquid spray (aerosol), or as a gas.；- Water: Hydrogen fluoride/hydrofluoric acid can be used to contaminate water.；- Food: Hydrogen fluoride/hydrofluoric acid can be used to contaminate food.；- Outdoor Air: Hydrogen fluoride/hydrofluoric acid can be released into outdoor air as a liquid spray (aerosol), or as a gas.；- Agricultural: If hydrogen fluoride/hydrofluoric acid is released into the air as a liquid spray (aerosol), it has the potential to contaminate agricultural products. If hydrofluoric acid (HF) is released as a gas, it is highly unlikely to contaminate agricultural products.

Corrosive Poison

Corrosive Poison

Excerpt from ERG Guide 157 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible / Water-Sensitive)]:；Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes. UN1802, UN2032, UN3084, UN3093, UN1796 (above 50%), UN1826 (above 50%), and UN2031 (above 65%) may act as oxidizers. Also consult ERG Guide 140. Vapors may accumulate in confined areas (basement, tanks, hopper/tank cars, etc.). Substance may react with water (some violently), releasing corrosive and/or toxic gases and runoff. Corrosives in contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated or if contaminated with water. (ERG, 2024)

When heated, it emits highly corrosive fumes of fluorides. Its corrosive action on metals can result in formation of hydrogen in containers and piping to create fire hazard. Toxic and irritating vapors are generated when heated. Will attack glass, concrete, and certain metals, especially those containing silica, such as cast iron. Will attack natural rubber, leather, and many organic materials. May generate flammable hydrogen gas in contact with some metals. (EPA, 1998)

· Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes.；· UN1802, UN2032, UN3084, UN3093, UN1796 (above 50%), UN1826 (above 50%), and UN2031 (above 65%) may act as oxidizers. Also consult GUIDE 140.；· Vapors may accumulate in confined areas (basement, tanks, hopper/tank cars, etc.).；· Substance may react with water (some violently), releasing corrosive and/or toxic gases and runoff.；· Corrosives in contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas.；· Containers may explode when heated or if contaminated with water.

· Some may burn but none ignite readily.；· Vapors from liquefied gas are initially heavier than air and spread along ground.；· Some of these materials may react violently with water.；· Cylinders exposed to fire may vent and release toxic and/or corrosive gas through pressure relief devices.；· Containers may explode when heated.；· Ruptured cylinders may rocket.；· For UN1005: Anhydrous ammonia, at high concentrations in confined spaces, presents a flammability risk if a source of ignition is introduced.

Not combustible. Many reactions may cause fire or explosion. Risk of fire and explosion on contact with incompatible substances. See Chemical Dangers.

Not combustible. Many reactions may cause fire or explosion. Risk of fire and explosion on contact with incompatible substances. See Chemical Dangers.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 157 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible / Water-Sensitive)]:；TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE; inhalation, ingestion or contact (skin, eyes) with vapors, dusts or substance may cause severe injury, burns or death. Reaction with water or moist air may release toxic, corrosive or flammable gases. Reaction with water may generate much heat that will increase the concentration of fumes in the air. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause environmental contamination. (ERG, 2024)

Ingestion of an estimated 1.5 grams produced sudden death without gross pathological damage. Repeated ingestion of small amounts resulted in moderately advanced hardening of the bones. Contact of skin with anhydrous liquid produces severe burns. Inhalation of anhydrous hydrogen fluoride or hydrogen fluoride mist or vapors can cause severe respiratory tract irritation that may be fatal. (EPA, 1998)

· TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE; inhalation, ingestion or contact (skin, eyes) with vapors, dusts or substance may cause severe injury, burns or death.；· Reaction with water or moist air may release toxic, corrosive or flammable gases.；· Reaction with water may generate much heat that will increase the concentration of fumes in the air.；· Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.；· Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause environmental contamination.

· TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE; may be fatal if inhaled, ingested or absorbed through skin.；· Vapors are extremely irritating and corrosive.；· Contact with gas or liquefied gas may cause burns, severe injury and/or frostbite.；· Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases.；· Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause environmental contamination.

Hydrogen fluoride is a colorless, fuming liquid or gas with a strong, irritating odor. It is usually shipped in steel cylinders as a compressed gas. Hydrogen fluoride readily dissolves in water to form colorless hydrofluoric acid solutions; dilute solutions are visibly indistinguishable from water.

Hydrogen fluoride is used in the production of aluminum and chlorofluorocarbons, and in the glass etching and chemical industries. Acute (short-term) inhalation exposure to gaseous hydrogen fluoride can cause severe respiratory damage in humans, including severe irritation and lung edema. Severe eye irritation and skin burns may occur following eye or skin exposure in humans. Chronic (long-term) exposure in workers has resulted in skeletal fluorosis, a bone disease. Animal studies have reported effects on the lungs, liver, and kidneys from acute and chronic inhalation exposure to hydrogen fluoride. Studies investigating the carcinogenic potential of hydrogen fluoride are inconclusive. EPA has not classified hydrogen fluoride for carcinogenicity.

Aqueous hydrogen fluoride = hydrofluoric acid; [NIOSH] Industrial solutions of 45% and 53% are sold commercially. [ACGIH] Over-the-counter solutions usually contain 6-12%. Adverse effects caused by different concentrations of solutions include immediate burns after contact with 50% and greater, delayed pain and swelling up to 8 hours after contact with 20-50%, and injury delayed by 12-24 hours after contact with 20% or less. [ATSDR Medical Management] Solutions 30-70% are highly corrosive to skin; [Quick CPC] Listed as one of the major irritant airborne toxicants; [LaDou, p. 523] The following chemicals can release HF when spilled in water: Fluorosulfonic acid, Antimony pentafluoride, Iodine pentafluoride, Uranium hexafluoride, Bromine trifluoride, and Bromine pentafluoride. [ERG 2016] See the Process, Toxic Gas from Spilling Chemical in Water. See the Disease, Hydrofluoric acid, toxic effect. Hydrogen fluoride is fibrogenic to the lungs in the context of an acute inhalation exposure complicated by bronchiolitis obliterans.

1790 157

1052 125

1052 125(anhydrous)

1790 157(solution)

Fluoride Salts, Soluble；Acids, Weak；Water and Aqueous Solutions

Fluoride Salts, Soluble；Acids, Weak

Symbol: T+, C; R: 26/27/28-35; S: (1/2)-7/9-26-36/37/39-45

Symbol: T+, C; R: 26/27/28-35; S: (1/2)-7/9-26-36/37/39-45

UN Hazard Class: 8; UN Subsidiary Risks: 6.1; UN Pack Group: I

UN Hazard Class: 8; UN Subsidiary Risks: 6.1; UN Pack Group: I

Excerpt from ERG Guide 157 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible / Water-Sensitive)]:；Note: Some foams will react with the material and release corrosive/toxic gases.；SMALL FIRE: CO2 (except for Cyanides), dry chemical, dry sand, alcohol-resistant foam.；LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire. Avoid aiming straight or solid streams directly onto the product. Dike runoff from fire control for later disposal.；FIRE INVOLVING TANKS, RAIL TANK CARS OR HIGHWAY TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. (ERG, 2024)

Use water on fires in which hydrofluoric acid is involved. (EPA, 1998)

In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media. In case of fire: keep cylinder cool by spraying with water. Combat fire from a sheltered position.

In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water. Combat fire from a sheltered position.

- UN 1052, anhydrous hydrogen (HF), may burn, but it does not ignite readily.；- Fire will produce irritating, corrosive, and/or toxic gases.；- For small fires involving UN 1052, use dry chemical or carbon dioxide.；- For large fires involving UN 1052, use water spray, fog, or regular foam. Move containers from the fire area if it is possible to do so without risk to personnel. Do not get water inside containers. Damaged cylinders should be handled only by specialists.；- For fire involving tanks of UN 1052, fight the fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after the fire is out. Do not direct water at the source of the leak or at safety devices; icing may occur. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tanks. Always stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.；- Note: Most foams will react with UN 1790 and release corrosive/toxic gases.；- For small fires involving UN 1790, hydrofluoric acid (HF), use carbon dioxide, dry chemical, dry sand, or alcohol-resistant foam.；- For large fires involving UN 1790, use water spray, fog, or alcohol-resistant foam. Move containers from the fire area if it is possible to do so without risk to personnel. Use water spray or fog; do not use straight streams. Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.；- For fire involving tanks or car/trailer loads of UN 1790, fight the fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after the fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tanks. Always stay away from tanks engulfed in fire.；- Run-off from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic, and it may cause pollution.；- If the situation allows, control and properly dispose of run-off (effluent).

Fresh air, rest. Half-upright position. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer immediately for medical attention.

Wear protective gloves when administering first aid. Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower. Refer immediately for medical attention.

Rinse with plenty of water (remove contact lenses if easily possible). Refer immediately for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Give nothing to drink. Do NOT induce vomiting. Refer immediately for medical attention.

Fresh air, rest. Half-upright position. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer immediately for medical attention.

Wear protective gloves when administering first aid. Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower. Refer immediately for medical attention.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.；· Keep unauthorized personnel away.；· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.；· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.；· All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.；· Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.；· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.；· A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors.；· DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS.；· Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material.；· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.；Small Spill；· Cover with DRY earth, DRY sand or other non-combustible material followed with plastic sheet to minimize spreading or contact with rain.；· Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect material and place it into loosely covered plastic containers for later disposal.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.；· Keep unauthorized personnel away.；· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.；· Many gases are heavier than air and will spread along the ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks, etc.).；· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· Do not touch or walk through spilled material.；· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.；· If possible, turn leaking containers so that gas escapes rather than liquid.；· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.；· Do not direct water at spill or source of leak.；· Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material.；· Isolate area until gas has dispersed.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 157 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible / Water-Sensitive)]:；Refer to the "General First Aid" section. Specific First Aid: For corrosives, in case of contact, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 30 minutes. Additional flushing may be required. In case of skin contact with Hydrofluoric acid (UN1790), if calcium gluconate gel is available, rinse 5 minutes, then apply gel. Otherwise, continue rinsing until medical treatment is available. (ERG, 2024)

Warning: Hydrogen fluoride is highly corrosive. Effects may be delayed from 1 to 24 hours. Caution is advised.；Signs and Symptoms of Acute Hydrogen Fluoride Exposure: Acute exposure to hydrogen fluoride will result in irritation, burns, ulcerous lesions, and necrosis of the eyes, skin, and mucous membranes. Total destruction of the eyes is possible. Other effects include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, pneumonitis (inflammation of the lungs), and circulatory collapse.；Emergency Life-Support Procedures: Acute exposure to hydrogen fluoride may require decontamination and life support for the victims. Emergency personnel should wear protective clothing appropriate to the type and degree of contamination. Air-purifying or supplied-air respiratory equipment should also be worn, as necessary. Rescue vehicles should carry supplies such as hydrogen fluoride-resistant plastic sheeting and disposable plastic bags to assist in preventing spread of contamination.；Inhalation Exposure:；1. Move victims to fresh air. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to hydrogen fluoride.；2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support. Humidified oxygen is preferred.；3. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.；4. Transport to a health care facility.；Dermal/Eye Exposure:；1. Remove victims from exposure. Emergency personnel should avoid self- exposure to hydrogen fluoride.；2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support. Humidified oxygen is preferred.；3. Remove contaminated clothing as soon as possible.；4. If eye exposure has occurred, eyes must be flushed with lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes.；5. Wash exposed skin areas three times with soap and water.；6. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures.；7. Transport to a health care facility.；Ingestion Exposure:；1. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support. Humidified oxygen is preferred.；2. IMMEDIATELY give the victims milk or water to dilute the hydrofluoric acid: children up to 1 year old, 125 mL (4 oz or 1/2 cup); children 1 to 12 years old, 200 mL (6 oz or 3/4 cup); adults, 250 mL (8 oz or 1 cup). Milk or water should be given only if victims are conscious and alert.；3. DO NOT induce vomiting.

General First Aid:；· Call 911 or emergency medical service.；· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.；· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.；· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.；· If victim is not breathing:；-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.；-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).；-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.；· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.；· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.；· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.；· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.；· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.；· Keep victim calm and warm.；· Keep victim under observation.；· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.；· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.；Specific First Aid:；· For corrosives, in case of contact, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 30 minutes. Additional flushing may be required.

General First Aid:；· Call 911 or emergency medical service.；· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.；· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.；· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.；· If victim is not breathing:；-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.；-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).；-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.；· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.；· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.；· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.；· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.；· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.；· Keep victim calm and warm.；· Keep victim under observation.；· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.；· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.；Specific First Aid:；· In case of contact with liquefied gas, only medical personnel should attempt thawing frosted parts.

(General first aid procedures)；Eye: Irrigate immediately (solution/liquid)；Skin: Water flush immediately (solution/liquid)；Breathing: Respiratory support；Swallow: Medical attention immediately (solution)

Cool. Well closed. Fireproof if in building. Ventilation along the floor. Separated from food and feedstuffs and incompatible materials. Store in an area without drain or sewer access. See Chemical Dangers.

Store only in original container. Separated from food and feedstuffs and incompatible materials. See Chemical Dangers. Cool. Ventilation along the floor. Store in an area without drain or sewer access.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).；· Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE.；· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).；· Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE.；· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

TIH (Toxic Inhalation Hazard) - Term used to describe gases and volatile liquids that are toxic when inhaled. Some are TIH materials themselves, e.g., chlorine, and some release TIH gases when spilled in water, e.g., chlorosilanes. [ERG 2016].

1.0 [ppm], as F[German Research Foundation (DFG)]

Hydrogen fluoride should be stored in cool, dry, well ventilated areas out of the direct rays of the sun.

Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage. Store in corrosive resistant polyethylene container with a resistant inner liner. Do not store in glass Storage class (TRGS 510): Non-combustible, acute toxic Cat. 1 and 2 / very toxic hazardous materials

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES; Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Wear respiratory protection. Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

1. Ventilate area of spill or leak to disperse gas. 2. If in gaseous form, stop flow of gas. If source of leak is cylinder & leak cannot be stopped ... remove ... to safe place in open air, & repair leak or allow cylinder to empty. 3. If in liq form, allow to vaporize & disperse the gas.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 157 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible / Water-Sensitive)]:；ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS. Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.；SMALL SPILL: Cover with DRY earth, DRY sand or other non-combustible material followed with plastic sheet to minimize spreading or contact with rain. Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect material and place it into loosely covered plastic containers for later disposal. (ERG, 2024)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 125 [Gases - Toxic and/or Corrosive]:；Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. If possible, turn leaking containers so that gas escapes rather than liquid. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Do not direct water at spill or source of leak. Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material. Isolate area until gas has dispersed. (ERG, 2024)

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number D002 and U134, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Product: Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber. Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

Hydrofluoric acid concentrations in urine from 21 hydrogen fluoride workers ranged from 1.17 mg/L (preshift), 2.00-2.50 mg/L (mid shift) to 3.50 mg/L postshift. Levels in 82 unepxosed workers were 0.59, 0.60-0.57 and 0.58 mg/L, respectively. The work involved washing glass tubes for TV picture tubes and etching semiconductors(1).

Hydrofluoric acid exposure is often treated with calcium gluconate, a source of Ca2+ that sequesters the fluoride ions. HF chemical burns can be treated with a water wash and 2.5% calcium gluconate gel or special rinsing solutions. However, because it is absorbed, medical treatment is necessary; rinsing off is usually not enough. Intra-arterial infusions of calcium chloride have also shown great effectiveness in treating burns.

We describe a nonlethal, delayed onset case of combined acute inhalation of hydrofluoric acid (HFA) and nitric acid (NA) together with a review of the literature. Our patient was exposed to fumes of a 12% HFA and 22% NA solution in a closed environment and suffered during several months after the incident from exertional dyspnoea but recovered completely. Since HFA and NA are dangerous and widely used substances, preparedness for exposure is mandatory. After inhalational exposure, the principles of decontamination with attention to treatment of the skin for HFA burns together with general medical incident management should be applied. The severity of combined NA and HFA intoxication depends on the concentration, the nature of the contact and the duration of exposure but other factors may also be involved. Therapy resistant hypoxia and death have been reported in the literature. Inhalation injury from HFA alone is rare but systemic toxicity should be anticipated. Calcium is advocated as the cornerstone of local and systemic therapy. NA inhalation alone is very rare and causes heavy pulmonary irritation. Massive pulmonary secretions seem a sign of very severe intoxication and treatment appears to be mainly supportive.

Hydrogen fluoride (HF) induced injury symptoms in sweet corn were reduced when nitrogen dioxide was combined with HF at 0.5 ug fluoride/cu m but not at 1.5 ug fluoride/cu m. Development of lesions were delayed 1 or 2 days in comparison to plants exposed to hydrogen fluoride only.

The paper describes a fatal case of accidental ingestion of a mixture of hydrochloric acid and hydrofluoric acid. The man was admitted to hospital, where appropriate treatment, adequate to his condition, was instituted. Numerous ventricular fibrillation episodes, for which the patient was defibrillated repeatedly, were observed during the period of hospitalization. The patient was in a critical condition, with progressive symptoms of hypovolemic shock and multiorgan failure. On the next day after admission, signs of electromechanical dissociation progressing to asystole were noted. The instituted resuscitation procedure proved ineffective and the patient died. Autopsy revealed brownish discoloration of the esophageal, gastric, and small intestinal mucous membranes. Numerous ulcerations without signs of perforation were found both in the esophagus and in the stomach. The mucous membrane of the small intestine demonstrated focal rubefactions, whereas no focal lesions of the large intestinal mucosa were seen. Microscopic investigation of the biopsy specimens collected from the stomach, duodenum and small intestine revealed mucous membrane necrosis foci, reaching the deeper layers of the wall of these organs. The mucous membrane of the large intestine was congested. Bioptates obtained from the lungs indicated the presence of hemorrhagic infarcts and focal extravasations. Poisoning with the aforementioned acids with consequent necrosis of the esophageal, gastric, duodenal and small intestinal walls with hemorrhages to the gastrointestinal tract, as well as extravasations and hemorrhagic infarcts in the lungs was considered to be the cause of death.

Recent experimental in vivo studies have shown that aqueous solutions of stannous fluoride (SnF(2)) and hydrofluoric acid (HF) can reduce enamel solubility after 5 min. The aim of this study was to evaluate the longer-term protective effect of SnF(2) (0.78%, pH 2.9) and HF (0.2%, pH 2.0) (both approximately 0.1 mol/L F) using the same experimental model. Labial surfaces of healthy anterior teeth (all four surfaces when possible, otherwise a pair of surfaces) in 103 subjects (n = 399 teeth) were exposed to citric acid (0.01 mol/L, pH 2.7). The acid was applied using a peristaltic pump (5 mL, 6 mL/min) and was collected in coded test tubes (etch I). The test solutions were then applied to the same surfaces of the teeth (1 min, 6 mL/min). After either 1, 7, 14 or 28 days, citric acid was again applied to the same surfaces and subsequently collected (etch II). Enamel solubility was examined by assessment of calcium concentration in etch I and etch II solutions using atom absorption spectroscopy. Median values were calculated for all time periods and statistical analysis was carried out using the Wilcoxon signed-ranks test. Results showed that HF reduced enamel solubility by 54 and 36% after 1 and 7 days, respectively. After 14 and 28 days, there was no longer any effect. SnF(2) showed no protective effect after the first day. Given these results, repeated application of HF and especially SnF(2) may be necessary to improve the protective effect of these fluorides, and this requires further testing.

Thirty-three rabbits were inflicted with burn by 55% of hydrofluoric acid covering 5% total body surface area (TBSA), and were randomly divided into 3 groups, i.e. A (n = 13, with 5 mL/kg/hr of isotonic saline intravenous infusion), B (n = 10, with isotonic saline and 50 g/L of calcium gluconate infusion in dose of 20 mg/kg at different time points), and C (n = 10, with the same treatment as B group, and with excision of burn wound at 0.5 post burn hour) groups. The serum levels of fluoride and calcium were determined before and after various postburn hours, and the mortality rate was statistically analyzed. The serum level of fluoride in A (8.37 +/- 2.62 mg/L) and B (8.59 +/- 2.25 mg/L) groups reached the peak value at 1 postburn hour (PBH), which was 107 times higher than that before the burn injury. The serum level of fluoride in B group was significantly lower than that in A group at 24 PBH (P < 0.05), while that in C group declined to (6.20 +/- 0.23) mg/L, which was obviously lower than that in A and B groups (P < 0.01). The serum calcium level declined after burns, reaching the lowest level at 8 to 12 PBH and began to increase at 24 PBH. Compared with normal calcium value, the serum level of calcium in A, B and C groups declined to as much as 46%, 32% and 26%, respectively. Statistically significant difference was found between C and B groups (P < 0.01). (3) The mortality rate in the three groups within 72 PBH were 30.8%, 12.5% and 0.0%, respectively.

Serious systemic effects and local effects by all routes of exposure.

Serious systemic effects and local effects by all routes of exposure.

inhalation, skin absorption (liquid), ingestion (solution), skin and/or eye contact

Hydrogen fluoride/hydrofluoric acid can be absorbed systemically into the body by ingestion, inhalation, or skin or eye contact. Eye exposure to hydrogen fluoride/hydrofluoric acid is highly unlikely to result in systemic toxicity. Inhalation is an important route of exposure.

Oral (A116) ; inhalation (A116) ; dermal (A116)

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Hydrogen fluoride is a gas at room temperature but it is available most frequently in aqueous solutions. Solutions up to 70% are available. It is used for etching glass and cleaning in the manufacture of glass, semiconductors, computer chips and ceramics and industrial applications. It can also be used for rust removal in commercial and home laundry operations, as well as in milling titanium, petroleum exploration, metallurgy laboratories, dental laboratories, janitorial products for tile cleaning, aluminum brighteners. HUMAN STUDIES: Hydrogen fluoride is highly corrosive to all tissues. Systemic absorption occurs following skin exposure or ingestion; severe and rapid hypocalcemia may result with cardiac dysrhythmia and arrest. The effects on the heart are due to hypocalcemia. These include the prolongation of the QT interval, arrhythmias (ventricular tachycardia, fibrillation and electromechanical dissociation. These effects result in hypotension and cardiac arrest. After inhalation, severe pulmonary injury may occur with pulmonary edema and bronchopneumonia. Tetany may result due to hypocalcemia after systemic absorption. Severe and delayed injury can occur with burns may develop after a symptom free interval of 24 hours. This is particularly true of exposures of dilute (<20%) solutions. With concentrated solutions (>40%), the effects are more rapid and pronounced with immediate pain and skin damage. Eye contamination causes similarly severe toxicity. Fatal exposures to hydrogen fluoride have been reported. One case involved a death due to refractory hypocalcemia about 12 hours after exposure of 2.5% body surface area to anhydrous hydrogen fluoride. A death was reported after 13 hours from a 9%-10% body surface area burn from 70% hydrogen fluoride. ANIMAL STUDIES: Experimental splash burns in rabbits have shown 20% solution to cause immediate damage with total corneal opacification with conjunctival ischemia, and corneal stromal edema wi

In addition to being a highly corrosive liquid, hydrofluoric acid is also a contact poison. As with most acids HF can cause tissue burns through the denaturation of proteins and partial hydrolysis of proteins. Most proteins denature at pH values of less than 3-4. The large-scale denaturation of proteins, de-esterification of lipids and subsequent desiccation of tissues leads to chemical burns. Owing to its low acid dissociation constant, HF as a neutral lipid-soluble molecule penetrates tissue more rapidly than typical mineral acids. Because of the ability of hydrofluoric acid to penetrate tissue, poisoning can occur readily through exposure of skin or eyes, or when inhaled or swallowed. HF also interferes with nerve function, meaning that burns may not initially be painful. In the body, hydrofluoric acid reacts with the ubiquitous biologically important ions Ca2+ and Mg2+. Formation of insoluble calcium fluoride is proposed as the etiology for both precipitous fall in serum calcium and the severe pain associated with tissue toxicity. In some cases, exposures can lead to hypocalcemia. Inorganic fluoride inhibits adenylate cyclase activity required for antidiuretic hormone effect on the distal convoluted tubule of the kidney. Fluoride also stimulates intrarenal vasodilation, leading to increased medullary blood flow, which interferes with the counter current mechanism in the kidney required for concentration of urine.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Bufo gargarizans tadpoles were chronically exposed to waterborne fluoride at measured concentrations ranging from 0.4 to 61.2 mg F-/L for 70 days from Gosner stage 26 to completion of metamorphosis. The chronic exposure caused a concentration-dependent mortality in all tested fluoride concentrations. Total length, snout-to-vent length (SVL), body mass, and developmental stage of tadpoles were significantly inhibited at 42.6 mg F-/L. In addition, significant metamorphic delay and increase in size at completion of metamorphosis occurred after exposure to 19.8 mg F-/L. Moreover, 19.8 mg F-/L suppressed the bone mineralization of larvae at completion of metamorphosis. However, the bone mineralization could be enhanced by 4.1 mg F-/L. In conclusion, our results suggested that the presence of high concentrations of fluoride could increase mortality risk, delay metamorphosis, and suppress skeletal ossification in B. gargarizans larvae. /Sodium fluoride/

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The present study describes the immunotoxic effect of chronic fluoride exposure on adult zebrafish (Danio rerio). Zebrafish were exposed to fluoride (71.12 mg/L; 1/10 LC50) for 30 d and the expression of selected genes studied. We observed significant elevation in the detoxification pathway gene cyp1a suggesting chronic exposure to non-lethal concentration of fluoride is indeed toxic to fish. Fluoride mediated pro-oxidative stress is implicated with the downregulation in superoxide dismutase 1 and 2 (sod1/2) genes. Fluoride affected DNA repair machinery by abrogating the expression of the DNA repair gene rad51 and growth arrest and DNA damage inducible beta a gene gadd45ba. The upregulated expression of casp3a coupled with altered Bcl-2 associated X protein/B-cell lymphoma 2 ratio (baxa/bcl2a) clearly suggested chronic fluoride exposure induced the apoptotic cascade in zebrafish. Fluoride-exposed zebrafish when challenged with non-lethal dose of fish pathogen A. hydrophila revealed gross histopathology in spleen, bacterial persistence and significant mortality. We report that fluoride interferes with system-level output of pro-inflammatory cytokines tumour necrosis factor-a, interleukin-1beta and interferon-gamma, as a consequence, bacteria replicate efficiently causing significant fish mortality. We conclude, chronic fluoride exposure impairs the redox balance, affects DNA repair machinery with pro-apoptotic implications and suppresses pro-inflammatory cytokines expression abrogating host immunity to bacterial infections. /Sodium fluoride/

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The present study was performed to investigate the toxicity of fluoride to a variety of freshwater aquatic organisms and to establish whether water quality variables contribute substantively to modifying its toxicity. Water hardness, chloride, and alkalinity were tested as possible toxicity modifying factors for fluoride using acute toxicity tests with Hyalella azteca and Oncorhynchus mykiss. Chloride appeared to be the major toxicity modifying factor for fluoride in these acute toxicity tests. The chronic toxicity of fluoride was evaluated with a variety of species, including 3 fish (Pimephales promelas, O. mykiss, and Salvelinus namaycush), 3 invertebrates (Ceriodaphnia dubia, H. azteca, and Chironomus dilutus), 1 plant (Lemna minor), and 1 alga (Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata). Hyalella azteca was the most sensitive species overall, and O. mykiss was the most sensitive species of fish. The role of chloride as a toxicity modifying factor was inconsistent between species in the chronic toxicity tests. /Sodium fluoride/

/PLANTS/ Considerable differences exist in plant sensitivity to atmospheric fluoride, but little or no injury will occur when the most sensitive species are exposed to about 0.2 ug/cu m air, and many species tolerate concn many times higher than this. /Fluoride/

Burning sensation. Sore throat. Cough. Laboured breathing. Shortness of breath. Nausea. Vomiting. Symptoms may be delayed.

MAY BE ABSORBED! Redness. Pain. Serious skin burns. Blisters. See Inhalation.

Redness. Pain. Severe burns.

Burns in mouth and throat. Burning sensation. Abdominal pain. Vomiting. Shock or collapse.

Cough. Sore throat. Burning sensation. Shortness of breath. Laboured breathing. Nausea. Vomiting. Symptoms may be delayed.

MAY BE ABSORBED! Redness. Pain. Serious skin burns. Blisters. See Inhalation.

Theoretical estimates of hydrogen fluoride fluxes from cooling and gypsum settling ponds associated with the manufacture of phosphate fertilizer are reviewed; fluxes from 122 to195 kg hydrogen fluoride per day for a 450 metric ton phosphorus pentoxide/day cooling plant were calculated. Sixty percent or more of the total plant release of hydrogen fluoride is due to the ponds. Derived atmospheric residence times for hydrogen fluoride (1 to 5 hr) indicate that fluoride is dispersed throughout Central Florida, US at ppb levels in the particulate form.

The contribution of plume wash out to the deposition of pollutants in the vicinity of a 1000 MWe coal fired power plant in The Netherlands has been investigated; increased wet deposition of chloride, fluoride, and especially boron cmpd was observed. Little extra deposition of sulfur cmpd was found, due to the fact that increased acidity in precipitation, associated with wash out of hydrogen chloride and (to a lesser extent) hydrogen fluoride, limits the uptake of sulfur dioxide. Very locally, at short distances from the stack, plume wash out may nearly double local acid deposition under conditions prevalent in The Netherlands. This is mainly the result of wash out of hydrogen chloride, whereas the contribution of sulfur dioxide is negligible. Significant plume contributions to the deposition of hydrogen fluoride, boron cmpd, aluminum, titanium, and bromine may be expected.

Chemical: Hydrofluoric acid；Specific Information Requirement: Obligations to provide information apply. These obligations are:；1. If the assessment report about the chemical recommends secondary notification of the chemical in particular circumstances and any of the circumstances occur in relation to the introduction (importation or manufacture) of the chemical by a person, then the person introducing this chemical must tell us in writing within 28 calendar days that the circumstances have occurred.；2. A person who introduces this chemical must tell us in writing within 28 calendar days if they become aware of any of the following circumstances, namely, that since the assessment under the Industrial Chemicals (Notification and Assessment) Act 1989:；a. the function or use of the chemical has changed, or is likely to change, significantly;；b. the amount of the chemical being introduced has increased, or is likely to increase, significantly;；c. in the case of a chemical not manufactured, or proposed to be manufactured, in Australia at the time of the assessment—it has begun to be manufactured in Australia;；d. the method of manufacture of the chemical in Australia has changed, or is likely to change, in a way that may result in an increased risk of an adverse effect of the chemical on occupational health and safety, public health or the environment;；e. additional information has become available to the person as to an adverse effect of the chemical on occupational health and safety, public health or the environment.

Hazard Traits - Musculoskeletal Toxicity; Ocular Toxicity; Respiratory Toxicity；Authoritative List - CA TACs; OEHHA RELs；Report - if used as a fragrance or flavor ingredient

Hydrofluoric acid is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of Hydrofluoric acid are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)

Status: Active Update: 26-04-2023 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/16074；Status: Cease Manufacture Update: 26-03-2018 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/23170

Hydrofluoric acid: Does not have an individual approval but may be used under an appropriate group standard

The New Jersey Worker and Community Right to Know Act requires public and private employers to provide information about hazardous substances at their workplaces. (N.J.S.A. 34:5A-1 et. seq.)

D002; A solid waste containing hydrofluoric acid may become characterized as a hazardous waste when subjected to testing for corrosivity as stipulated in 40 CFR 261.21, and if so characterized, must be managed as a hazardous waste.

U134; As stipulated in 40 CFR 261.33, when hydrofluoric acid, as a commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product or a manufacturing chemical intermediate, becomes a waste, it must be managed according to Federal and/or State hazardous waste regulations. Also defined as a hazardous waste is any residue, contaminated soil, water, or other debris resulting from the cleanup of a spill, into water or on dry land, of this waste. Generators of small quantities of this waste may qualify for partial exclusion from hazardous waste regulations (40 CFR 261.5).

Listed as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) generally known or suspected to cause serious health problems. The Clean Air Act, as amended in 1990, directs EPA to set standards requiring major sources to sharply reduce routine emissions of toxic pollutants. EPA is required to establish and phase in specific performance based standards for all air emission sources that emit one or more of the listed pollutants. Hydrofluoric acid is included on this list.

Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 100 lb or 45.4 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b).

Releases of CERCLA hazardous substances are subject to the release reporting requirement of CERCLA section 103, codified at 40 CFR part 302, in addition to the requirements of 40 CFR part 355. Hydrogen fluoride is an extremely hazardous substance (EHS) subject to reporting requirements when stored in amounts in excess of its threshold planning quantity (TPQ) of 100 lbs.

Hydrofluoric acid is designated as a hazardous substance under section 311(b)(2)(A) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and further regulated by the Clean Water Act Amendments of 1977 and 1978. These regulations apply to discharges of this substance. This designation includes any isomers and hydrates, as well as any solutions and mixtures containing this substance.

Hydrofluoric acid (conc.50% or greater)

50.00

1,000

Toxic chemical that can be released at a facility.

Hydrogen fluoride(anhydrous)

1.00

Concentrated solutions (>40%) and anhydrous hydrogen fluoride are sufficiently acidic to cause immediate injury due to the activity of the hydrogen ion. However, the more significant injury to the tissues and systemic toxicity are mediated by the cellular toxicity and chemical activity of the fluoride ion. Fluoride binds irreversibly to calcium and magnesium resulting in precipitation and much of the cellular and systemic toxicity is mediated via this action. The fluoride ion is the most electronegative element in the periodic table; it is a relatively small ion and therefore diffuses readily; and, because hydrogen fluoride is a weak acid, there are sufficiently uncharged species to allow tissue penetration. The fluoride ion is an inhibitor of glycolysis (Embden-Meyerhoff pathway) and it attacks many different cellular constituents including cell membranes and lipids, destroying cell membranes and producing cell necrosis. Severe hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia are produced by hydrogen fluoride absorption causing tetany and disturbances of cardiac rhythm.

The toxic effects of hydrogen fluoride are due primarily to the fluoride ion, which is able to penetrate tissues and bind intracellular calcium and magnesium. This results in cell destruction and local bone demineralization. Systemic deficiency of calcium and magnesium and excess of potassium can occur. Hypocalcemia can cause tetany, decreased myocardial contractility, and possible cardiovascular collapse, while hyperkalemia has been suggested to cause ventricular fibrillation leading to death. The adverse action of the fluoride ion may progress for several days before symptoms appear.

Fluoride ions are incorporated into bone by substituting for hydroxyl groups in the carbonate-apatite structure to produce hydroxyfluorapatite, thus altering the mineral structure of the bone. Alteration in mineralization increases hardness and bone mass, but also decreases mechanical strength. A portion of the circulating inorganic fluoride acts as an enzyme inhibitor because it forms metalfluoride-phosphate complexes that interfere with the activity of those enzymes requiring a metal ion cofactor. In addition, fluoride may interact directly with the enzyme or the substrate. It is a general inhibitor of the energy production system of the cell. Fluorine may bind calcium and decrease its concentration. This is thought to indirectly inhibit amelogeninase activity, resulting in altered crystal growth and subsequently causing dental fluorosis. (L963)

Increases in plasma fluoride levels were observed in humans inhaling 0.8-2.8 or 2.9-6.0 ppm fluoride as hydrogen fluoride of 60 minutes; maximum plasma concentrations were observed 60-90 minutes after exposure initiation.

A study in rats suggests that hydrogen fluoride is absorbed primarily by the upper respiratory tract, and that removal of hydrogen fluoride from inhaled air by the upper respiratory tract approaches 100% for exposures that range from 30 to 176 mg fluoride/cu m. Furthermore, it is apparent that distribution to the blood is rapid. Immediately following 40 minutes of intermittent exposure, plasma fluoride concentrations correlated closely (correlation coefficient = 0.98; p<0.01) with the concentration of hydrogen fluoride in the air passed through the surgically isolated upper respiratory tract. Plasma levels were not measured at time points <40 minutes.

To define the relationship between ionic fluoride concentration in the serum of workers and the amount of hydrofluoric acid (HF) in the work environment, pre-and postshift serum and urine samples of 142 HF workers and 270 unexposed workers were examined. The maximum and minimum concentrations of HF in the air in each workshop varied from the mean by less than 30%. The preexposure levels of serum and urinary fluoride in HF workers were higher (P < 0.001) than the control values. This suggests that fluoride excretion from the body continues for at least 12 hr. The postshift serum and urinary fluoride concentrations of these workers were significantly higher (P < 0.001) than the preshift concentrations. A good correlation (r = 0.64) was obtained between postshift serum fluoride and postshift urine fluoride. There was a linear relationship between mean serum fluoride concentration and HF concentration in the workshop. A mean fluoride concentration of 82.3 ug/L with a lower fiducial limit (95%, P = 0.05) of 57.9 ug/L was estimated to correspond to an atmospheric HF concentration of 3 ppm. ...

A study /was conducted/ to determine the absorption of inhaled hydrofluoric acid. Two human subjects were exposed for an 8 hour period in an industrial environment to fluorides consisting primarily of hydrogen fluoride and silicon tetrafluoride at an average airborne concentration of 3.8 mg F/cu m. Urine specimens were collected at 2 hour intervals during exposure and or approximately 2 days afterwards. There was a rapid rise in urinary fluoride excretion during exposure, and a peak output was reached in 2-4 hours after cessation of exposure. Within 24 hours, the urinary fluoride levels returned practically to base levels, although a slight elevation persisted into the following day. The total amounts of fluoride excreted daily by the two subjects were as follows: day of exposure, 9.64 and 8.56 mg fluoride; first day after exposure, 1.67 and 2.49; second day, 0.99 and 1.31; and third day, 0.89 and 1.34. The baseline daily urinary fluoride excretions before exposure were 0.9 and 1.2 mg fluoride, respectively.

For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for Hydrogen fluoride (18 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Hydrogen fluoride is used in the production of most fluorine-containing chemicals. It is used in the production of refrigerants, herbicides, pharmaceuticals, high-octane gasoline, aluminum, plastics, electrical components, and fluorescent light bulbs. Anhydrous hydrogen fluoride is used as a catalyst in the petroleum alkylation, a process that increases the octane rating of petroleum. In uranium chemicals production, hydrogen fluoride is used to convert uranium oxide (yellow cake, U3O8) to UF4 before further fluorination to UF6.；Aqueous hydrofluoric acid is used in stainless steel pickling, glass etching, metal coatings, exotic metal extraction, and quartz purification.

Used as a catalyst and fluorinating agent; used to etch glass, pickle stainless steel, and control pH in oil well operations; [ACGIH] Used as a wet etchant in semiconductor manufacturing at a standard concentration of 49%; [CSH, p. 46]

Steel Producing [Category: Industry]；Acid and Alkali Cleaning of Metals [Category: Clean]；Electroplating [Category: Plate]；Petroleum Production and Refining [Category: Industry]；Semiconductor Manufacturing [Category: Industry]；Glass Manufacturing [Category: Industry]

Enameling [Category: Hobbies]；Glassblowing [Category: Hobbies]

For hydrogen fluoride (USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 45601) there are 0 label matches. /SRP: Not registered for current use in the U.S., but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses./

Cleaning cast iron, copper, brass; removing efflorescence from brick and stone, or sand particle from metallic castings; working over too heavily weighted silks; frosting, etching glass and enamel; polishing crystal glass; decomposing cellulose; enameling and galvanizing iron; increasing porosity of ceramics ... in analytical work to determine silicon dioxide, etc. /Hydrofluoric acid/

(1972) 1.27X10+10 G

(1975) 4.2X10+10 G

2023: 550,000,000 - <700,000,000 lb；2022: 550,000,000 - <700,000,000 lb；2021: 550,000,000 - <700,000,000 lb；2020: 550,000,000 - <700,000,000 lb

(1972) 3.2X10+11 G

(1975) 2.85X10+11 G

(1984) 1.73x10+11 g /combined anhydrous and technical hydrofluoric acid as 100% hydrogen fluoride/

Production volumes for non-confidential chemicals reported under the Inventory Update Rule. [Table#1603]

For more U.S. Production (Complete) data for Hydrogen fluoride (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Global Hydrofluoric Acid Demand: 650,000 tonnes (2001)；Table: Global hydrofluoric acid demand (2001) [Table#1592]

40.6% AS AN INTERMED FOR FLUOROCARBONS; 25.6% AS AN INTERMED FOR ALUMINUM FLUORIDE; 11.6% AS AN INTERMED FOR CRYOLITE; 4.3% AS A GASOLINE ALKYLATION CATALYST; 1.7% AS AN INTERMED FOR URANIUM HEXAFLUORIDE; 16.2% IN OTHER APPLICATIONS (1972). /Hydrofluoric acid/

65% was used in fluorocarbons; 10% in fluorides & other chemicals; 8% in aqueous solutions (100% Hydrogen Fluoride Basis); 5% in aluminum fluoride (merchant); 5% in petroleum alkylation; 4% in nuclear applications (uranium); and 3% in miscellaneous use (1984). /Hydrofluoric acid/

58% was used in fluorocarbons; chemical derivatives, 16%; petroleum alkylation catalysts, 5%; stainless steel pickling, 4%; aluminum manufacture, 4%; uranium chemicals, 3%; miscellaneous, 10%. /Hydrofluoric acid/

For more Consumption Patterns (Complete) data for Hydrogen fluoride (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Adhesion/cohesion promoter；Etching agent；Intermediate；Brightener；Cleaning agent；Catalyst；Not Known or Reasonably Ascertainable；Processing aids not otherwise specified；Semiconductor and photovoltaic agent；Plating agent；Chemical reaction regulator；Solvent；Other

Obtained by the action of sulfuric acid on fluorspar (calcium fluoride). /Hydrogen fluoride gas/

Solution of hydrogen fluoride gas in water. Obtained by distilling calcium fluoride with sulfuric acid. /Hydrofluoric acid/

Distillation from the reaction product of calcium fluoride and sulfuric acid, also from fluosilicic acid. /Hydrogen fluoride gas/

Essentially all hydrogen fluoride manufactured worldwide is made from fluorspar and sulfuric acid ... . Generally, yields on both fluorspar and sulfuric acid are greater than 90% in commercial plants. /Hydrogen fluoride gas/

Grades: CP; technical; 38%, 47%, 53%, 70%. /Hydrofluoric acid/

Grade: To 99.9% minimum purity. /Hydrogen fluoride gas/

Available commercially as a 70% solution in steel containers or as a 50% solution in plastic lined containers. /Hydrofluoric acid/

Machinery Manufacturing；Industrial Gas Manufacturing；All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing；Fabricated Metal Product Manufacturing；Non-metallic Mineral Product Manufacturing (includes clay, glass, cement, concrete, lime, gypsum, and other non-metallic mineral product manufacturing)；Petroleum Refineries；Not Known or Reasonably Ascertainable；All Other Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing；Electrical Equipment, Appliance, and Component Manufacturing；Soap, Cleaning Compound, and Toilet Preparation Manufacturing；Transportation Equipment Manufacturing；Computer and Electronic Product Manufacturing；Wholesale and Retail Trade；Pharmaceutical and Medicine Manufacturing；All Other Basic Inorganic Chemical Manufacturing

Hydrofluoric acid: ACTIVE

Producers of Hydrofluoric acid (thousand tonnes/year)；Table: Producers of hydrofluoric acid (thousand tonnes/year)1 [Table#1599]

North American Producers of Hydrofluoric Acid；Table: North American producers of hydrofluoric acid (thousand metric tons) [Table#1600]

On the demand side, hydrofluoric acid continues to expand because of strong demand for replacement fluorocarbons, especially hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) 125, 134a and 245fa, which consume more hydrofluoric acid than the hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) they are replacing. The HFC replacements have no ozone-depletion potential because they contain no chlorine atoms. The most successful HFC replacement compound is HFC 134a. It is the main replacement for CFC 12 in automobile air conditioners and is being used as the refrigerant in new commercial chillers and refrigerators and as the propellant in aerosols and tire inflators. HFCs 23, 32, 125, 143a, 152a, 227ea, 236fa, 245fa, and 4310 also are being produced domestically but in much smaller quantities. These HFCs are being used individually or in blends as replacements for CFCs and HCFCs.