Barium nitrate

Repellants

Active substance -> EU Pesticides database: Not approved

3.24 at 73.4 °F (USCG, 1999) - Denser than water; will sink

3.24 g/cu cm

3.24 g/cm³

3.24 @25 °C

3.24

White cubic crystals

Lustrous white crystals

Crystals or crystalline powder

9 % (NIOSH, 2024)

10.3 g/100 g water at 25 °C

Slightly soluble in ethanol and acetone

Solubility in water as weight %: 4.72%, 0 °C; 9.27%, 25 °C; 12.35%, 40 °C; 16.9%, 60 °C; 21.4%, 80 °C; 25.6%, 100 °C; 32.0%, 135 °C

Solubility in water, g/100ml at 20 °C: 8.7 (moderate)

9%

Decomposes (NIOSH, 2024)

Decomposes

1098 °F (USCG, 1999)

590 °C

590 °C

590 °C

1094 °F

Low (NIOSH, 2024)

Low

Barium nitrate appears as a white crystalline solid. Noncombustible, but accelerates burning of combustible materials. If large quantities are involved in fire or the combustible material is finely divided, an explosion may result. May explode under prolonged exposure to heat or fire. Toxic oxides of nitrogen produced in fires.

Dry Powder; Large Crystals; CBI

Colorless or white odorless solid; [HSDB] White odorless crystalline solid; Slightly soluble in water; [MSDSonline]

COLOURLESS-TO-WHITE CRYSTALS OR CRYSTALLINE POWDER.

White, odorless solid.

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 1.2% (5 of 403) of reports.

Danger

H272 (68.7%): May intensify fire; oxidizer [Danger Oxidizing liquids; Oxidizing solids]

P210, P220, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P280, P301+P316, P301+P317, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P317, P321, P330, P337+P317, P370+P378, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 403 reports by companies from 16 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Danger

Chemical: Nitric acid, barium salt

Nitric acid, barium salt (2:1) is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of Nitric acid, barium salt (2:1) are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)

2004/129/EC

Status: Active Update: 31-01-2022 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/15841

Nitric acid, barium salt: HSNO Approval: HSR001312 Approved with controls

The New Jersey Worker and Community Right to Know Act requires public and private employers to provide information about hazardous substances at their workplaces. (N.J.S.A. 34:5A-1 et. seq.)

Special Hazards of Combustion Products: Yields toxic gaseous oxides of nitrogen when involved in fire.

· These substances will accelerate burning when involved in a fire.

Not combustible but enhances combustion of other substances. Risk of fire and explosion on contact with combustible substances or reducing agents.

Inhalation or contact with eyes or skin causes irritation. Ingestion causes excessive salivation, vomiting, colic, diarrhea, convulsive tremors, slow, hard pulse, elevated blood pressure. Hemorrhages may occur in the stomach, intestines, and kidneys. Muscular paralysis may follow. (USCG, 1999)

· Toxic by ingestion.

A skin, eye, nose, and throat irritant; [HSDB] A skin, eye, and respiratory tract irritant; Exposure could cause hypokalemia, resulting in cardiac disorders and muscular disorders. Exposure may result in death. [ICSC] An irritant; [MSDSonline] See Barium. See NITRATES and NITRITES.

1446 141

1446 141

D005; A solid waste containing barium may or may not become characterized as a hazardous waste when subjected to the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure listed in 40 CFR 261.24, and if so characterized, must be managed as a hazardous waste. /Barium/

Excerpt from ERG Guide 141 [Oxidizers - Toxic]:

In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media. NO carbon dioxide.

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

First rinse with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, then remove contaminated clothes and rinse again.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Induce vomiting (ONLY IN CONSCIOUS PERSONS!). Refer for medical attention .

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Keep combustibles (wood, paper, oil, etc.) away from spilled material.

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Barium nitrate (as Ba):

General First Aid:

(General first aid procedures)

Containers may explode in fire.

It is non-combustible but it will accelerate the burning of combustible materials. If large quantities of the material are involved in the fire or the combustible material is finely divided an explosion may result. Prolonged exposure of the material to fire or heat may result in an explosion.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

0.5 [mg/m3], as Ba, inhalable fraction(soluble compds)[German Research Foundation (DFG)]

In case of fire in the surroundings: water in large amounts. NO carbon dioxide.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Flood with water. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible ... If fire becomes uncontrollable, consider evacuation of one-half (1/2) mile radius.

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus when fighting fires involving this material.

Store in tightly closed containers in a cool, well-ventilated area. Avoid any possible contact with incompatible materials ...

Separated from combustible and reducing substances, powdered metals, and food and feedstuffs.

Storage temp: Ambient

Barium nitrate is packed and stored in 25kg polyethylene-lined multilayer paper bags.

Spill Handling: Evacuate and restrict persons not wearing protective equipment from area of spill or leak until cleanup is complete. Remove all ignition sources. Collect powdered material in the most convenient and safe manner and deposit in sealed containers. Ventilate area of spill or leak after clean-up is complete. It may be necessary to contain and dispose of this chemical as a hazardous waste. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. Contact your Department of Environmental Protection or your regional office of the federal EPA for specific recommendations.

Sweep spilled substance into containers; if appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Then wash away with plenty of water. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment.

The sulfate may be brushed up and treated as normal refuse. Soluble barium salts should be scooped up and treated as for waste disposal. Wash the spill area thoroughly with water. /Soluble barium salts/

Environmental considerations - land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ Cover solids with a plastic sheet to prevent dissolving in rain or fire fighting water. Dike surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete. Absorb bulk liquid with fly ash, cement powder, or commercial sorbents. /Barium/

For more Cleanup Methods (Complete) data for Barium nitrate (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number D005, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

... Ion exchange, lime softening and reverse osmosis are effective to remove barium from drinking water. Conventional coagulation/filtration processes are not effective to remove barium from drinking water. /Barium ion/

Package lots. Place in a separate labeled container for recycling or disposal. Small quantities. Wear nitrile rubber gloves, laboratory coat, and eye protection. Avoid breathing dust. Dissolve the barium salt in the minimum volume of water. For each gram of barium salt, add 15 mL of 10% sodium sulfate solution. Let stand for 1 week. Test for completeness of precipitation by adding a few drops of 10% sodium sulfate solution. If required, add more sodium sulfate solution until no further precipitation occurs. Decant supernatant liquid or filter solid. Treat solid as normal refuse. Wash liquid into drain. /Barium salt/

Intravenous infusion of potassium often relieves many of the symptoms of barium toxicity. Methemoglobinemia can be treated with supplemental oxygen and methylene blue 1% solution administered intravenously slowly over five minutes followed by IV flush with normal saline. Methylene blue restores the iron in hemoglobin to its normal (reduced) oxygen-carrying state. (L1613, L214)

The health effects of the different barium compounds depend on how well the compound dissolves in water or the stomach contents. At low doses, barium acts as a muscle stimulant, while higher doses affect the nervous system, causing cardiac irregularities, tremors, weakness, anxiety, dyspnea, paralysisand possibly death. Barium may also cause gastrointestinal disturbances, damage the kidneys and cause decreases in body weight. Nitrate and nitrite poisoning causes methemoglobinemia. Nitrites may cause pregnancy complications and developmental effects. They may also be carcinogenic. (L1137, L214)

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation and by ingestion.

inhalation, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Oral (L214) ; inhalation (L214)

Barium is a competitive potassium channel antagonist that blocks the passive efflux of intracellular potassium, resulting in a shift of potassium from extracellular to intracellular compartments. The intracellular translocation of potassium results in a decreased resting membrane potential, making the muscle fibers electrically unexcitable and causing paralysis. Some of these barium's effects may also be due to barium induced neuromuscular blockade and membrane depolarization. Nitrate's toxicity is a result of it's conversion to nitrite once in the body. Nitrite causes the autocatalytic oxidation of oxyhemoglobin to hydrogen peroxide and methemoglobin. This elevation of methemoglobin levels is a condition known as methemoglobinemia, and is characterized by tissue hypoxia, as methemoglobin cannot bind oxygen. (A2450, L1613, L214)

Cough. Shortness of breath. Sore throat. See Ingestion.

Redness. Pain.

Redness. Pain.

Excessive salivation. Abdominal cramps. Abdominal pain. Diarrhoea. Nausea. Vomiting. Shortness of breath. Weakness.

irritation eyes, skin, upper respiratory system; skin burns; gastroenteritis; muscle spasm; slow pulse, extrasystoles; hypokalemia

Ingesting excess barium may cause vomiting, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, difficulties in breathing, increased or decreased blood pressure, numbness around the face, and muscle weakness. High levels may result in changes in heart rhythm or paralysis and possibly death. Nitrate and nitrite poisoning causes methemoglobinemia. Symptoms include cyanosis, cardiac dysrhythmias and circulatory failure, and progressive central nervous system (CNS) effects. CNS effects can range from mild dizziness and lethargy to coma and convulsions. (L1137, L214)

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ The substance is irritating to the eyes, the skin and the respiratory tract. Exposure could cause hypokalaemia, resulting in cardiac disorders and muscular disorders. Exposure may result in death.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Potential symptoms of overexposure are upper respiratory irritation; gastroenteritis; muscle spasm; slow pulse, extrasystoles; hypokalemia; irritation of eyes and skin; skin burns.

/CASE REPORTS/ A 16 year old girl swallowed approx 20 g of barium nitrate. On admission to the hospital, the following symptoms were observed: spasm-like gastrocnemius pain, increased sensitivity to pain stimuli, mydriasis /extreme dilatation of the pupil/ with slow reaction to light, toe reflex absent, intermittent uncoordinated muscle contractions over the total body; cardiac frequency of 96 with irregular pulsation; blood pressure 150/90; hemogram: Hb 111%; RBC: 5.6 million, WBC: 67,500; platelets: 160,000; urinalysis: SG 1.026, protein positive, urobilin slightly positive, sediment rich in RBC and WBC. 5 hr after intake: ECG: negative T wave and masked with a great U wave; QT/QU: 0.7 sec; sinus rythym was interrupted with ventricular extrasystoles ... The observations made in the mentioned case report indicate that the toxicity of this compound is primarily related to the acute effects of the barium ion.

/CASE REPORTS/ A 22-year-old male was admitted to hospital with diarrhea and vomiting, cardiac arrhythmias, severe hypokalemia and gradual onset of muscular weakness. A potassium infusion was started, but for several hours serum potassium remained low. Evidence of toxic ingestion was initially lacking. When it became clear -- after a considerable delay -- that the patient had ingested barium nitrate, hemodialysis was started. This resulted in rapid clinical improvement with correction of hypokalemia and restored muscular function. Intoxication with barium causes hypokalemia, arrhythmias, muscular weakness and paralysis, often requiring respiratory support. This patient presented with symptoms typical of severe barium intoxication, non-responsive to potassium supplementation. There are few published reports on the use of hemodialysis in barium poisoning. This case confirms the possible benefit of hemodialysis in severe cases, where potassium supplementation alone is insufficient.

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for Barium nitrate (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

D005; A solid waste containing barium may or may not become characterized as a hazardous waste when subjected to the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure listed in 40 CFR 261.24, and if so characterized, must be managed as a hazardous waste. /Barium/

Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 1000 lb or 454 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b). /Barium/

(AZ) ARIZONA 1500 ug/L /Barium/

(ME) MAINE 1500 ug/L /Barium/

(MN) MINNESOTA 2000 ug/L /Barium/

Maximum Contaminant Level: 2 mg/L /Barium/

Maximum Contaminant Level Goal: 2 mg/L /Barium/

EPA 2000 ug/L /Barium/

Barium compounds are absorbed via ingestion and inhalation, the extent of which depends on the individual compound. In the body, the majority of the barium is found in the bone, while small amounts exists in the muscle, adipose, skin, and connective tissue. Barium is not metabolized in the body, but it may be transported or incorporated into complexes or tissues. Barium is excreted in the urine and faeces. Intake of some amount of nitrates and nitrites is a normal part of the nitrogen cycle in humans. In vivo conversion of nitrates to nitrites can occur in the gastrointestional tract under the right conditions, significantly enhancing nitrates' toxic potency. The major metabolic pathway for nitrate is conversion to nitrite, and then to ammonia. Nitrites, nitrates, and their metabolites are excreted in the urine. (L1137, L214)

Used to manufacture barium oxide (BaO2); in pyrotechnics for green fire; for green signal lights; in vacuum tube industry; for ceramic glazes; in electronics; as raw material for manufacture of neon sign lightings; in tracer bullets, primers, and detonators; [HSDB]

Ceramics making [Category: Hobbies]

Manufacture of barium oxide (BaO2); pyrotechnics for green fire; green signal lights; in vacuum tube industry

Incendiaries; ceramic glazes; electronics; chemicals (barium peroxide); rodenticide

Mixtures with finely divided aluminum-magnesium alloys ... are used in chemical photoflash applications.

Raw material for manufacture of neon sign lightings

(1986) 2,285,664 lb

(2000) 4,930 tons; (2001) 5,010 tons

2023: 250,000 - <550,000 lb

Production volumes for non-confidential chemicals reported under the Inventory Update Rule. [Table#1214]

Production volume for non-confidential chemicals reported under the 2006 Inventory Update Rule. Chemical: Nitric acid, barium salt. Aggregated National Production Volume: 500,000 to < 1 million lbs.

By the action of nitric acid on barium carbonate or sulfide.

Prepared by reaction of BaCO3 and nitric acid, filtration and evaporative crystallization, or by dissolving sodium nitrate in a saturated solution of barium chloride, with subsequent precipitation of barium nitrate

For Industrial production there are two main procedures. In the first, barium carbonate is suspended in recycled mother lye and reacted with nitric acid. If necessary, heavy metals are precipitated, and the solution is filtered hot. The nitrate is then crystallized, if necessary with vacuum evaporation. The second procedure consists of reacting a barium sulfide solution, directly or after the removal of barium hydroxide, with nitric acid. After carefully removing any sulfur formed and the heavy metals, the barium nitrate is crystallized at low temperatures. The preparation of Ba(NO3)2 by double conversion of barium chloride and sodium nitrate or calcium nitrate is described in the Eastern European patent literature.

Grades: Technical; crystals; fused mass or powder; chemically pure

ACS reagent grade

Technical purified grade ACS meets spec; type C & E grade; 99.999% grade

All Other Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing

Nitric acid, barium salt (2:1): ACTIVE

Baratol, a mixture of barium nitrate and TNT, is used the low detonation velocity explosive in waveshaping devices such as plane-wave lenses. /Baratol/