クロロホルム

Wear self-contained breathing apparatus and special protective clothing. Move container from fire area. Fight fire from maximum distance. Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material.

In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

Fresh air, rest. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Do NOT induce vomiting. Rinse mouth. Give nothing to drink. Refer for medical attention .

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing.

Signs and Symptoms of Chloroform Exposure: Signs and symptoms of acute exposure to chloroform vapor may include conjunctivitis and blepharospasm (twitching of the eyelid). Burning pain and corneal epithelium injury may occur from chloroform liquid splashed in the eye. Acute exposure may also lead to respiratory depression, chemical pneumonitis, pulmonary edema, metabolic acidosis, central nervous system depression, headache, fatigue, and dizziness. Gastrointestinal signs and symptoms include nausea, vomiting, salivation, anorexia, and gastrointestinal irritation. Cardiac arrhythmias and cardiac arrest have been reported.

General First Aid:

(General first aid procedures)

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

0.5 [ppm]

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide. Advice for firefighters: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.

Use water spray to keep fire-exposed containers cool. Extinguish fire using agent suitable for surrounding fire.

Keep in tightly closed containers; storage code: LI

Store in cool, dry, well-ventilated location. Separate from strong alkalis and strong mineral acids.

Glass containers should be dark green or amber. Technical-grade chloroform can be stored in lead-lined or mild steel containers of all-welded construction. When storage vessels are made of unlined steel, precautions are needed to prevent the entry of moisture.

Preserve ... at a temp not exceeding 30 °C.

For more Storage Conditions (Complete) data for Chloroform (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

1. Ventilate area of spill or leak. 2. Collect for reclamation or absorb in vermiculite, dry sand, earth, or a similar material.

Do not touch spilled material. Use water spray to reduce vapors. For small spills, take up with absorbent material then flush area with water. For large spills, dike far ahead.

PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": A high-efficiency particulate arrestor (HEPA) or charcoal filters can be used to minimize amt of carcinogen in exhausted air ventilated safety cabinets, lab hoods, glove boxes or animal rooms ... Filter housing that is designed so that used filters can be transferred into plastic bag without contaminating maintenance staff is avail commercially. Filters should be placed in plastic bags immediately after removal. ... The plastic bag should be sealed immediately. ... The sealed bag should be labelled properly ... Waste liquids ... should be placed or collected in proper containers for disposal. The lid should be secured & the bottles properly labelled. Once filled, bottles should be placed in plastic bag, so that outer surface ... is not contaminated. ... The plastic bag should also be sealed & labelled. ... Broken glassware ... should be decontaminated by solvent extraction, by chemical destruction, or in specially designed incinerators. /Chemical Carcinogens/

Approach release from upwind. Stop or control the leak, if this can be done without undue risk. Control runoff and isolate discharged material for proper disposal.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES; Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Wear respiratory protection. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U044 and D022, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

Group I Containers: Combustible containers from organic or metallo-organic pesticides (except organic mercury, lead, cadmium, or arsenic compounds) should be disposed of in pesticide incinerators or in specified landfill sites. /Organic or metallo-organic pesticides/ product, or to a drum reconditioner for reuse with the same type of pesticide product, if such reuse is legal under Department of Transportation regulations (eg 49 CFR 173.28). Containers that are not to be reused should be punctured ... and transported to a scrap metal facility for recycling, disposal or burial in a designated landfill. /Organic or metallo-organic pesticides/

Group II Containers: Non-combustible containers from organic or metallo-organic pesticides (except organic mercury, lead, cadmium, or arsenic compounds) must first be triple-rinsed. Containers that are in good condition may be returned to the manufacturer or formulator of the pesticide product, or to a drum reconditioner for reuse with the same type of pesticide product, if such reuse is legal under Department of Transportation regulations (eg 49 CFR 173.28). Containers that are not to be reused should be punctured ... and transported to a scrap metal facility for recycling, disposal or burial in a designated landfill. /Organic or metallo-organic pesticides/

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for Chloroform (16 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Evacuate danger area! Consult an expert! Personal protection: complete protective clothing including self-contained breathing apparatus. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Collect leaking liquid in sealable containers. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Chloroform was detected, not quantified, in 7 of 8 mothers' milk samples analyzed at four urban sites in the US(1). A median chloroform concentration of 0.55 ng/mL was reported in breast milk samples collected May to July 2005 from three residents within nonsmoking households in inner-city Baltimore, MD(2). Chloroform concentrations in body fat and various organs collected from eight English individuals were 5-68 and 1-10 ppb, respectively(3). In blood samples collected from 979 non-occupationally exposed people, chloroform was detected in 54% at levels greater than the detection limit of 0.021 ppb(4). Chloroform was found in the blood of bath attendants at 0.13-2.45 ug/L and in swimmers at 0.56-5.23 ug/L at pools located in Hessia, Germany(5). In an EPA Region 5 Survey (Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Michigan, Minnesota, Wisconsin), taken July 1995 through May 1997, chloroform was found at a mean value of 0.07 ug/L in 40.9% of 125 blood samples(6). Chloroform was found in blood of women in Cobb County, Georgia at an average level of 25 ppb before showering and 57 ppb after showering(7). Chloroform was also found in blood of women from Corpus Christi, Texas at an average level of 70 ppb before showers and an after shower level of 280 ppb(7). Chloroform was found in blood of women in Cobb County, Georgia at levels of 0.037-0.170 ug/L before showering and 0.130->0.430 ug/L after showering(8). Chloroform was also found in blood of women from Corpus Christi, Texas at before shower levels of 0.009->0.430 ug/L and after shower levels from 0.025->0.430 ug/L(8). Chloroform was detected in 8 of 16 blood samples collected the spring of 1993 from residents of Brownsville, TX at a median concentration of 0.02 ug/L and 638 of 1100 blood samples collected by the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey at 0.02 ug/L(9). Chloroform was detected in blood samples collected from 249 adults during the 1999-2000 US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey at 0.006-0.455 ng/mL(10). Chloroform was detected in the urine of 19 of 20 occupationally exposed subjects at concentrations of 0.001-1.005 ug/L from samples taken Dec 19, 2000 to April 20, 2001(11). The concentration of chloroform in pool water was reported as 95,000-120,000 ng/L in urine from 10 swimmers before and after swimming chloroform concentrations were 400-538 and 1211-1603 ng/L, respectively(12).

In samples collected July 1978 from 9 individuals living near Old Love Canal, Niagara Falls, NY, chloroform was detected at the following concentrations(1):[Table#142]

The largest existing data set on chloroform concns in the body has been provided by the TEAM Study measurements of exhaled breath. About 800 people provided more than 1250 breath samples with mean concns generally in the range of 0.5-3 ug/cu m with generally lower levels in California compared with other sites (New Jersey, Maryland, North Dakota, and North Carolina). In a study of 163 people at indoor swimming pools, exposed individuals had a mean chloroform concn in the higher alveolar of 83 ug/cu m. Breath exposures were also studied from a single subject who swam for 30 mins on 3 occasions, rested in the water for the same length of time on one occasion and stayed near the pool but out of the water for 30 mins on the final occasion. Pre-exposure breath concns were less than 2 ug/cu m on all occasions, rising to 15 to 25 ug/cu m 2.5 mins after completing the swimming periods, but only to 11 mg/cu m after the poolside exposure period. A study of chloroform found in blood revealed that out of 979 people sampled between 1988-1992, the mean chloroform concn was 0.0444 ng/mL. This suggests that a large percentage of the U.S. population is exposed to chloroform, but that very large exposures are rare. Chloroform was also detected in 40 out of 42 breast milk samples at levels ranging from 0.1 to 65 ng/mL from nursing mothers in two New Jersey hospitals and from three other hospitals in Pennsylvania, Louisiana, and West Virginia(1).

Chloroform was detected at concentration ranges of 41-239, 49-354, 60-417 ug/L in alveolar air of 52 competitive swimmers after 15, 35 and 60 minutes exposure, respectively(1). In the breath of NJ residence, chloroform was detected at mean concentrations 4.0 and 54 ug/cu m <5 minutes after showering, at 1.5 and 134 ug/cu m between 5-20 minutes after showering, and at 1 and 20 ug/cu m at >20 minutes after showering using water with low and high chloroform concentrations, respectively(2). Chloroform was detected in alveolar air of swimmers before and after swimming at concentrations of 29.4 and 76.5 ug/cu m, respectively(3). Chloroform was detected in 32 of 32 alveolar air samples taken in swimmers at an average of 18.7 ug/cu m(4).

For more Body Burden (Complete) data for Chloroform (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Hepatic

[in animals: liver & kidney cancer]

One serious drug interaction involves sensitization of myocardium to catecholamines by ... halogenated hydrocarbon anesthetics (eg, chloroform ...) In presence of these anesthetics, admin of epinephrine, isoproterenol, or levarterenol markedly incr incidence of cardiac arrhythmias.

Effects /of chloroform/ on liver & kidneys are exaggerated by ... ingestion of alcoholic beverages.

... DDT & phenobarbitone potentiated chloroform-induced liver damage in rats...

Admin of Kepone (chlordecone) resulted in marked potentiation of chloroform induced hepatotoxicity whereas pretreatment with Mirex had no effect on liver injury.

For more Interactions (Complete) data for Chloroform (34 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Cancer, Dermal (Skin), Hepatic (Liver), Neurological (Nervous System), Renal (Urinary System or Kidneys)

Hepatic

Liver, kidneys, heart, eyes, skin, central nervous system

Chronic exposure to chloroform causes liver and kidney damage. It has also been shown to have detrimental reproductive and developmental effects. Skin contact with large amounts of chloroform results in sores. Inhaling large amounts of chloroform can cause central nervous system and respiratory depression, and may be fatal. (L13)

LC50; Species: Eisenia fetida (Earthworm) adult, weight 300-500 mg; dermal (using filter paper) 111 ug/sq cm for 48 hr (95% confidence interval: 103-122 ug/sq cm) /> or =98% purity/

LC50; Species: Penaeus duorarum (Pink shrimp); Conditions: static; Concentration: 81,500 ug/L for 96 hr

EC50; Species: Scenedesmus subspicatus (Green algae) log growth phase; Conditions: freshwater, static, 24 °C, pH 8.0-9.3; Concentration: 560000 ug/L for 48 hr; Effect: decreased population biomass /formulation/

EC50; Species: Scenedesmus subspicatus (Green algae) log growth phase; Conditions: freshwater, static, 24 °C, pH 8.0-9.3; Concentration: 950000 ug/L for 48 hr; Effect: population changes, general /formulation/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for Chloroform (89 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values of 34-196(2-3), indicate that chloroform is expected to have high to moderate mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of chloroform from moist soil surfaces is expected(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 3.67X10-3 atm-cu m/mole(4). Chloroform is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 197 mm Hg(5). In a study of chloroform residence time in soils, chloroform was found to have a half-life of 0.3 days when applied 1 cm deep into soil and 1.4 days when applied 10 cm deep, classifying it as "very short lived", mostly due to volatilization(6). Under aerobic conditions, little or no degradation of chloroform is reported up to 25 wk(7-9). Studies have demonstrated that at low concentrations, chloroform can be anaerobically degraded by methanogenic bacteria in the presence of a primary substrate such as acetic acid(10) and even better under sulfate reducing conditions(11). A 0% of Theoretical BOD using activated sludge in the Japanese MITI test(12) suggests that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values of 34-196(2-3), indicate that chloroform is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 3.67X10-3 atm-cu m/mole(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 3.5 hours and 4.4 days, respectively(SRC). In a field study of chloroform volatilization, it was found that the volatilization half-life from the Rhine River was 1.2 days while in a lake located in the Rhine basin the half-life was 31 days(5). Chloroform is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment base upon estimated hydrolysis half-lives of 3400 and 340 years at pH values of 7 and 8, respectively(6). According to a classification scheme(7), BCFs of 1.4-10.35 measured in various fish(8-10), suggest the bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Chloroform was not degraded aerobically or anaerobically in an aquifer storage and recovery site(11). Chloroform had influent concentrations of 15,250 and <5.0 ug/L and effluent concentrations of <14 and <5.0 ug/L using an activated sludge with a daily mass loading of COD/bacterial mass ratios of 0.3 and 0.6, respectively(12). [

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), chloroform, which has a vapor pressure of 197 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase chloroform is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 156 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.03X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). The tropospheric half-life for chloroform has been estimated at 3 years(4).

In pilot market basket survey of 4 food groups at 5 sites, the results for chloroform were: dairy composite 17 ppb (1 of 5 sites), meat composite - not detected; oil and fat composite - trace (1 of 5 sites); beverage composite 6-32 ppb (4 of 5 sites); high values for individual foods were soft drinks 9-178 ppb; butter 56 ppb; cheese 15-17 ppb; mayonaise 34 ppb(1). England: various samples of food including dairy products, eggs, bread, meat, oils and fats, beverages, fruits and vegetables 0.4-33 ppb, cheese, butter and tea were high(2). Residues were found in fumigated sorghum, barley and corn but generally disappeared within 60 days when aired at 17 °C(3). Thirty-five of 61 beverage samples contained chloroform at a maximum concentration of 45.6 ug/L(4). Chloroform was detected at <0.1-53.5 ppb in bean-curd and <0.1-11.6 ppb in bean-curd and water in packaging(5). Food consumed by 30 Japanese housewives in summer and winter contained chloroform concentrations of 24.0 ng/g and 18.2 ng/g in Nagoya, and winter food concentrations consumed by 30 housewives from Yokohama contained 17.2 ng/g of chloroform(6). A median chloroform concentration of 0.55 ng/mL was reported in breast milk samples collected May to July 2005 from three residents within nonsmoking households in inner-city Baltimore, MD(7).

Chloroform concentrations in food in a five year study (1996-2000) from supermarkets across the US were(1):[Table#157]

A pilot study was conducted in 1980 to measure chloroform in five "Market Basket" food samples collected from grocery stores in New Jersey, North Carolina, and Washington, DC. Chloroform concns in cola soft drinks averaged 49 ug/L while in non-cola soft drinks 11 ug/L. A typical chloroform level in soft drinks is about 23 ug/L. One of the five dairy composites also contained chloroform: milk and cheese averaged 4 ng/g and one butter sample contained 12 ng/g. Ice cream and mayonnaise also contained chloroform at 12 and 23 ng/g, respectively. Another FDA study of VOCs in margarines detected chloroform in 5 of 18 samples collected at stores and in 13 of 19 finished products collected at manufacturing plants. It was determined that VOCs migrated from the packaging glues into the margarine. In a study of 18 table-ready food items, ten contained chloroform with the highest levels occurring in butter 670 ng/g, Cheddar cheese 80 ng/g, granola 57 ng/g, and peanut butter 29 ng/g. Mean values of 14 samples of butter was 364 ng/g; 8 samples of cheese 182 ng/g; 11 samples of cereal 60 ng/g; 7 samples of peanut butter 51.3 ng/g; and 12 samples of highly processed foods 122 ng/g. The sources of chloroform in food are not clearly understood; however, migration of chloroform from packaging solvents, glues, and inks has been documented(1).

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation, through the skin and by ingestion.

inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

Oral (L13) ; inhalation (L13)

The following drug products were withdrawn or removed from the market because such drug products or components of such drug products have been found to be unsafe or not effective. The following drug products may not be compounded under the exemptions provided by section 503A(a) or section 503B(a) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. All drug products containing chloroform is included on this list.

Use of chloroform as an ingredient in cosmetic products. (a) Chloroform has been used as an ingredient in cosmetic products. Recent information has become available associating chloroform with carcinogenic effects in animals. Studies conducted by the National Cancer Institute have demonstrated that the oral administration of chloroform to mice and rats induced hepatocellular carcinomas (liver cancer) in mice and renal tumors in male rats. Scientific literature indicates that chloroform is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, through the respiratory system, and through the skin. The Commissioner concludes that, on the basis of these findings, chloroform is a deleterious substance which may render injurious to users any cosmetic product that contains chloroform as an ingredient. (b) Any cosmetic product containing chloroform as an ingredient is adulterated and is subject to regulatory action under sections 301 and 601(a) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. Any cosmetic product containing chloroform in residual amounts from its use as a processing solvent during manufacture, or as a byproduct from the synthesis of an ingredient, is not, for the purpose of this section, considered to contain chloroform as an ingredient.

Chloroform is an indirect food additive for use only as a component of adhesives.

U044; As stipulated in 40 CFR 261.33, when chloroform, as a commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product or a manufacturing chemical intermediate, becomes a waste, it must be managed according to Federal and/or State hazardous waste regulations. Also defined as a hazardous waste is any residue, contaminated soil, water, or other debris resulting from the cleanup of a spill, into water or on dry land, of this waste. Generators of small quantities of this waste may qualify for partial exclusion from hazardous waste regulations (40 CFR 261.5).

D022; A solid waste containing chloroform may or may not become characterized as a hazardous waste when subjected to the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure listed in 40 CFR 261.24, and if so characterized, must be managed as a hazardous waste.

Pursuant to section 8(d) of TSCA, EPA promulgated a model Health and Safety Data Reporting Rule. The section 8(d) model rule requires manufacturers, importers, and processors of listed chemical substances and mixtures to submit to EPA copies and lists of unpublished health and safety studies. Methane, trichloro- is included on this list. Effective date 6/1/87; Sunset date: 6/1/97.

This action promulgates standards of performance for equipment leaks of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in the Synthetic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Industry (SOCMI). The intended effect of these standards is to require all newly constructed, modified, and reconstructed SOCMI process units to use the best demonstrated system of continuous emission reduction for equipment leaks of VOC, considering costs, non air quality health and environmental impact and energy requirements. Chloroform is produced, as an intermediate or a final product, by process units covered under this subpart.

Listed as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) generally known or suspected to cause serious health problems. The Clean Air Act, as amended in 1990, directs EPA to set standards requiring major sources to sharply reduce routine emissions of toxic pollutants. EPA is required to establish and phase in specific performance based standards for all air emission sources that emit one or more of the listed pollutants. Chloroform is included on this list.

The following list presents other substances for which a Federal Register notice has been published that included consideration of the serious health effects, including cancer, from ambient air exposure to the substance. Chloroform is included on this list.

Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 10 lb or 4.54 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b).

Releases of CERCLA hazardous substances are subject to the release reporting requirement of CERCLA section 103, codified at 40 CFR part 302, in addition to the requirements of 40 CFR part 355. Chloroform is an extremely hazardous substance (EHS) subject to reporting requirements when stored in amounts in excess of its threshold planning quantity (TPQ) of 10,000 lbs.

Based on the consumption of 2 L of drinking water and consumption of 6.5 g of fish and shellfish, the corresponding cancer risk levels and criteria are 1X10-7: 0.019 ug/l; 1X10-6: 0.19 ug/l; 1X10-5: 1.90 ug/l. Based on consumption of fish and shellfish only, the corresponding cancer risk levels and criteria are 1X10-7: 1.57 ug/l; 1X10-6: 15.7 ug/l; 1X10-5: 157 ug/l.

Toxic pollutant designated pursuant to section 307(a)(1) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and is subject to effluent limitations.

Chloroform is designated as a hazardous substance under section 311(b)(2)(A) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and further regulated by the Clean Water Act Amendments of 1977 and 1978. These regulations apply to discharges of this substance. This designation includes any isomers and hydrates, as well as any solutions and mixtures containing this substance.

Chloroform

1

20000

Toxic chemical that can be released at a facility.

(AZ) ARIZONA 0.49 ug/L

(FL) FLORIDA 6 ug/L

(MA) MASSACHUSETTS 70 ug/L

(ME) MAINE 70 ug/L

For more State Drinking Water Guidelines (Complete) data for Chloroform (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The vast majority of the chloroform produced in the United States is used to make HCFC-22. The rest is produced for export and for miscellaneous uses.

Has been used mainly for extraction and spot cleaning; [LaDou, p. 552] Used mainly in production of chlorodifluoromethane; [CHEMINFO] Uses have included dry cleaning agent and solvent for resins, plasticizers, rubber chemicals, and flavors; [HSDB]

No longer used as a fumigant in the U.S. [EPA Pesticides]

Dry Cleaning [Category: Clean]

Smoking cigarettes [Category: Food & Drugs]

For chloroform (USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 020701) there are 0 labels match. /SRP: Not registered for current use in the U.S., but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses./

Contains the following stabilizer(s): 2-Methyl-2-butene (>/=0.001 to </=0.015%)

Reagent grade chloroform of several brands was reported to contain detectable amounts of methylene chloride and other chloromethanes.

The following impurities have been detected in chloroform: bromochloromethane, bromodichloroethane, bromodichloromethane, carbon tetrachloride, dibromodichloroethane, dibromodichloromethane, 1,1-dichloroethane, 1,2-dichloroethane, vinylidene chloride, cis-1,2-dichloroethene, trans-1,2-dichloroethylene, dichloromethane, diethyl carbonate, ethyl benzene, 2-methoxy ethanol, nitromethane, pyridine, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane, trichloroethylene, meta-xylene, ortho-xylene, and para-xylene.

n-Nitrosomorpholine was found in 4/10 batches of analytical grade chloroform, at levels of 2-376 ug/L.

(1985) 1.99X10+10 g

CHEMICAL PROFILE: Chloroform. US Exports: 1991: 55 million pounds

CHEMICAL PROFILE: Chloroform. US Exports: Exports ... were up sharply to 184 million pounds last year /1996/, but averaged 103 million pounds per year in the 1992-1996 period.

CHEMICAL PROFILE: Chloroform. US Exports: 1998: 184 million pounds; 1999: 220 million pounds

For more U.S. Exports (Complete) data for Chloroform (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

(1985) 1.52X10+10 g

CHEMICAL PROFILE:Chloroform. US Imports: 1988: 24 million pounds

CHEMICAL PROFILE: Chloroform. US Imports: 1991: 25 million pounds

CHEMICAL PROFILE: Chloroform. US Imports: Imports have been negligible in recent years, but averaged 20 million pounds per year in the early 1990s.

For more U.S. Imports (Complete) data for Chloroform (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

2023: 100,000,000 - <250,000,000 lb

(1981) 1.82X10+11 G

CHEMICAL PROFILE: Chloroform. US Production Capacity: 1982: 402 million pounds/year

(1978) 1.58X10+11 G

(1983) 1.68X10+11 G

For more U.S. Production (Complete) data for Chloroform (26 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

CHEM INT FOR FLUOROCARBON 22, 96%; OTHER, 4% (1981)

CHEMICAL PROFILE: Chlorform. End-use Pattern for Chloroform in 1986

CHEMICAL PROFILE: Chloroform. US Demand: 1985: 400 million pounds; 1986: 425 million pounds; 1990: 485 million pounds /projected/

CHEMICAL PROFILE: Chloroform. End-use Pattern for Chloroform in 1989

For more Consumption Patterns (Complete) data for Chloroform (17 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

From the addition of sulfuric acid to acetone and bleaching powder: 2CH3COCH3 + 6CaOCl2.H2O /yields/ 2CHCl3 + (CH3COO)2Ca + 2Ca(OH)2 + 3CaCl2 + 6H2O. May also be prepared by carefully controlled chlorination of methane ... .

... Prepared exclusively and on a massive scale by the chlorination of methane and/or monochloromethane.

(1) Reaction of chlorinated lime with acetone, acetaldehyde, or ethanol; (2) by-product from the chlorination of methane.

Grade: Technical, CP, ACS, NF, reagent.

Very high purity grades; AR, NANOGRADE, ChromAR, SpectrAR, HPLC grades

At least one grain fumigant mixture contains chloroform (73.2%) with carbon disulfide (26.8%).

Chloroform emulsion: chloroform 5 mL, quillaia liquid extract 0.1 mL, tragacanth mucilage 5 mL, water to 100 mL.

For more Formulations/Preparations (Complete) data for Chloroform (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Chemical Classes -> Volatile organic compounds

Food Additives -> EXTRACTION_SOLVENT -> JECFA Functional Classes

Pharmaceutical and Medicine Manufacturing

Methane, trichloro-: ACTIVE

Method of purification: Extraction with concentrated sulfuric acid and rectification.

Small quantities of ethyl alcohol stablilize chloroform during storage.

The most important reaction of trichloromethane is that with hydrogen fluoride in the presence of antimony pentahalides to give monochlorodifluoromethane (CFC 22), a precursor in the production of polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon, Hostaflon, PTFE).

Pure chloroform is light sensitive and reagent grade chloroform usually conains 0.75% ethanol as stabilizer.