酪酸無水物

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 156 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible / Water-Sensitive)]:

General First Aid:

... Substance will react with water (some violently) releasing flammable, toxic or corrosive gases and runoff. When heated, vapors may form explosive mixtures with air: indoors, outdoors and sewers explosion hazards. ... Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated or if contaminated with water.

Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Solid streams of water may be ineffective. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use "alcohol" foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide. Use water spray to knock-down vapors.

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses by industrial workers is inconsistent. The benefits or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

ADEQUATE VENTILATION SHOULD BE PROVIDED... /ACID ANHYDRIDES/

SRP: Local exhaust ventilation should be applied wherever there is an incidence of point source emissions or dispersion of regulated contaminants in the work area. Ventilation control of the contaminant as close to its point of generation is both the most economical and safest method to minimize personnel exposure to airborne contaminants. Ensure that the local ventilation moves the contaminant away from the worker.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 156 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible / Water-Sensitive)]:

Immediate precautionary measure

Excerpt from ERG Guide 156 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible / Water-Sensitive)]:

...SUITABLE PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT...WORN. IN CERTAIN CIRCUMSTANCES, PARTICULARLY THOSE ASSOCIATED WITH MAINTENANCE WORK, SUITABLE EYE PROTECTION EQUIPMENT & RESP PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT ARE NECESSARY. /ACID ANHYDRIDES/

Whole unfractionated heparin can modestly decrease tumor growth, but the dose of heparin is limited by its anticoagulant properties. To overcome this limitation... the chemical structure of heparin /was modified/ and a heparin derivative /was prepared/ by O-acylating low molecular weight heparin with butyric anhydride, producing a more potent antiproliferative compound, which is only weakly anticoagulant so that the dose may be escalated without threat of hemorrhage. ...this study... investigated the effect of this chemically modified heparin, butanoylated heparin, on the growth of lung cancer in vitro and in vivo. /It was/ found that butanoylated heparin a) significantly inhibited lung cancer cell proliferation in vitro and lung cancer growth in mice and rats; b) had very low anticoagulant effect; c) had no significant toxicity on heart, liver, kidney and lung; d) significantly although modestly induced apoptosis and decreased expression of the cell proliferation pathway consisting of mutant p53, phospho-Rb and E2F1 expression in the tumor tissues. /It was/ also found that butanoylated heparin significantly inhibited CXCL12 and CXCR4 expression, suggesting that CXCL12/CXCR4 axis may be involved in regulation of tumor growth inhibition by heparin. /It was/ concluded that chemically modified butanoylated heparin has potent antiproliferative activity against lung cancer and may represent a new chemical therapeutic agent for cancer patients.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 10(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that butyric anhydride is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). However, butyric anhydride hydrolyzes to butyric acid in water(3); the neutral hydrolysis half-life at 25 °C is about 4.3 minutes based on analogy to similar anhydrides(2). Therefore leaching in soil due to rain or runoff is not expected to be an important fate process. The potential for volatilization of butyric anhydride from dry soil surfaces may exist(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 0.3 mm Hg at 25 °C(4) and its existence as a liquid at ambient temperatures(3).

AQUATIC FATE: Hydrolysis is the dominant fate process for butyric anhydride in water(SRC). In water, butyric anhydride hydrolyzes to butyric acid(1). Based on analogy to similar anhydrides(SRC), the neutral aqueous hydrolysis half-life of butyric anhydride at 25 °C is about 4.3 minutes(2). A base-catalyzed second-order hydrolysis rate constant of 3440 L/mole-sec(SRC) was estimated using a structure estimation method(3); this corresponds to half-lives of 17 and 1.7 minutes at pH values of 7 and 8, respectively(SRC). Due to hydrolysis, bioconcentration and volatilization are not expected to be important fate processes(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), butyric anhydride, which has a vapor pressure of 0.3 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase butyric anhydride is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 4.8 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 3.34X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3).

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of butyric anhydride can be estimated to be 10(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that butyric anhydride is expected to have very high mobility in soil. However, butyric anhydride hydrolyzes to butyric acid in water(2); the neutral hydrolysis half-life at 25 °C is about 4.3 minutes based on analogy to similar anhydrides(1).

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ BUTYRIC ANHYDRIDE CAUSES PERSISTENT EYE IRRITATION IF CONTACT WITH VAPOR IS REPEATED AND PROLONGED. IT IS ALSO A SKIN IRRITANT.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ ...THEY MAY PRODUCE CHRONIC CONJUNCTIVITIS. THEY ARE SLOWLY HYDROLYZED ON CONTACT WITH BODY TISSUES AND MAY OCCASIONALLY CAUSE SENSITIZATION. /ACID ANHYDRIDES/

Butyric anhydride hydrolyzes to butyric acid in water(1); the neutral hydrolysis half-life at 25 °C is about 4.3 minutes based on analogy to similar anhydrides(2). Therefore, volatilization of butyric anhydride from surface waters or moist soil is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC). The potential for volatilization of butyric anhydride from dry soil surfaces may exist(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 0.3 mm Hg at 25 °C(3) and its existence as a liquid at ambient temperatures(1).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of butyric anhydride with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 3.34X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 4.8 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). Based on analogy to similar anhydrides(SRC), the neutral aqueous hydrolysis half-life of butyric anhydride at 25 °C is about 4.3 minutes(1). A base-catalyzed second-order hydrolysis rate constant of 3440 L/mole-sec(SRC) was estimated using a structure estimation method(2); this corresponds to half-lives of 17 and 1.7 minutes at pH values of 7 and 8, respectively(SRC).

According to the 2006 TSCA Inventory Update Reporting data, the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed in the industrial manufacturing, processing, and use of butyric anhydride is 1000 or greater; the data may be greatly underestimated(1).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 4,817 workers (755 of these were female) were potentially exposed to butyric anhydride in the US(1). Occupational exposure to butyric anhydride may occur through inhalation of vapor and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where butyric anhydride is produced or used(SRC).

Butyric anhydride's production and use in the manufacture of butyrates, drugs, and tanning agents may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, a vapor pressure of 0.3 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates butyric anhydride will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase butyric anhydride will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 4.8 days. If released to soil, butyric anhydride is expected to have very high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 10. Due to hydrolysis, volatilization and leaching in wet soils are not expected to be important fate processes. Volatilization from dry surfaces is possible based upon the vapor pressure and butyric anhydride's existence as a liquid at ambient temperatures. If released to water, hydrolysis will be dominant fate process. Based on analogy to similar anhydrides, the neutral hydrolysis half-life of butyric anhydride at 25 °C is about 4.3 minutes. An estimated base-catalyzed second-order hydrolysis rate constant of 3440 L/mole-sec corresponds to half-lives of 17 and 1.7 minutes at pH values of 7 and 8, respectively. Occupational exposure to butyric anhydride may occur through inhalation of vapor and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where butyric anhydride is produced or used. (SRC)

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Organic acids and related compounds/

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist respirations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Activated charcoal is not effective ... . Do not attempt to neutralize because of exothermic reaction. Cover skin burns with dry, sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Organic acids and related compounds/

Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Early intubation, at the first sign of upper airway obstruction, may be necessary. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if patient is hypotensive with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Organic acids and related compounds/

Section 8(a) of TSCA requires manufacturers of this chemical substance to report preliminary assessment information concerned with production, exposure, and use to EPA as cited in the preamble in 51 FR 41329. Effective date: 9/30/91; Reporting date: 11/27/91.

Pursuant to section 8(d) of TSCA, EPA promulgated a model Health and Safety Data Reporting Rule. The section 8(d) model rule requires manufacturers, importers, and processors of listed chemical substances and mixtures to submit to EPA copies and lists of unpublished health and safety studies. Butyric anhydride is included on this list. Effective date: 9/30/91; Sunset date: 12/19/95.

This action promulgates standards of performance for equipment leaks of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in the Synthetic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Industry (SOCMI). The intended effect of these standards is to require all newly constructed, modified, and reconstructed SOCMI process units to use the best demonstrated system of continuous emission reduction for equipment leaks of VOC, considering costs, non air quality health and environmental impact and energy requirements. Butyric anhydride is produced, as an intermediate or a final product, by process units covered under this subpart.