基本情報
- 標準SMILES
[C-]#[Si+]- InChIKey
HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N- 分子式
- CSi
- 平均分子量
- 40.096 g/mol
- 単同位体質量
- 39.97692653
概要
Silicon carbide appears as yellow to green to bluish-black, iridescent crystals. Sublimes with decomposition at 2700 °C. Density 3.21 g cm-3. Insoluble in water. Soluble in molten alkalis (NaOH, KOH) and molten iron.
名称と識別子
- 優先名称
- Silicon carbide
- IUPAC
- methanidylidynesilanylium
- 現地名
- 炭化ケイ素
- 英語名
- Silicon carbide
- 分子式
- CSi
- 分子量
- 40.1
名称と別名
名称をさらに表示
データベース識別子
- CAS
409-21-2- PubChem CID
- 9863
- DTXSID
DTXSID5052751- ChEBI
CHEBI:29390- EC Number
- 206-991-8
- Nikkaji
- J1.627.380E
物性
構造計算による物性
- 極性表面積
- 0 Ų
- 水素結合供与体数
- 0
- 水素結合受容体数
- 1
- 回転可能結合数
- 0
- 重原子数
- 2
- 形式電荷
- 0
- 複雑度
- 10
実験および物理化学的性質
Density
3.23 (NIOSH, 2024) - Denser than water; will sink
3.23
3.2 g/cm³
3.23
3.16 @25 °C
3.23
Color/Form
EXCEEDINGLY HARD, GREEN TO BLUISH-BLACK, IRIDESCENT, SHARP CRYSTALS
HEXAGONAL OR CUBIC
Yellow to green to bluish black, iridescent crystals.
Solubility
Insoluble (NIOSH, 2024)
INSOL IN COLD WATER, HOT WATER, & ACID; SOL IN FUSED POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE
INSOL IN ALCOHOL; SOL IN MOLTEN IRON
Solubility in water: none
Insoluble
Boiling Point
Sublimes (NIOSH, 2024)
sublimes
Sublimes
Melting Point
4892 °F (Sublimes) (NIOSH, 2024)
2600 °C
4892 °F (sublimes)
2830 °C
4892 °F (Sublimes)
Vapor Pressure
0 mmHg (approx) (NIOSH, 2024)
0 mmHg (approx)
0 mmHg (approx)
Ionization Potential
9.30 eV
9.30 eV
Physical Description
Silicon carbide appears as yellow to green to bluish-black, iridescent crystals. Sublimes with decomposition at 2700 °C. Density 3.21 g cm-3. Insoluble in water. Soluble in molten alkalis (NaOH, KOH) and molten iron.
Dry Powder; Wet Solid; CBI; Large Crystals; Other Solid; Dry Powder; Liquid
Yellow to green to bluish-black, iridescent crystals; [NIOSH]
YELLOW-TO-GREEN-TO-BLUE-TO-BLACK CRYSTALS, DEPENDING ON PURITY.
Yellow to green to bluish-black, iridescent crystals.
Yellow to green to bluish-black, iridescent crystals.
Other Experimental Properties
DIELECTRIC CONSTANT: 7.0; HARDNESS: 9.5; ELECTRON MOBILITY: GREATER THAN 100 SQ CM/VOLT-SEC; HOLE MOBILITY: GREATER THAN 20 SQ CM/VOLT-SEC; BAND GAP ENERGY: 2.8 ELECTRON-VOLTS
SUBLIMES WITH DECOMPOSITION AT 2700 °C
EXCELLENT THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY; ELECTRICALLY CONDUCTIVE; RESISTS OXIDATION AT HIGHER TEMPERATURES
物理化学的性質
- 融点
- 2700 °C · 2700 °C (lit.)
- 比重(密度)
- 3.22 g/mL · 3.22 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.)
- 屈折率
- 2.65 · 2.6500
- 溶解性
- 溶融水酸化ナトリウム、水酸化カリウム、溶融鉄に可溶。
- 外見
- ナノパウダー
- 色
- 緑
- 比重
- 3.22 · 3.22
- 水溶解度
- 溶融アルカリ(NaOH、KOH)、溶融鉄に可溶。水に不溶。
- 比熱容量
- 0.67 J/ · Cp(crystal): 0.67 J/(g·K), at 25℃
- Merck
- 14 · 14,8492
- 安定性
- 安定
- 化粧品成分の機能
- 研磨剤
- InChI
- 1S/CSi/c1-2
- InChIKey
- HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N
- SMILES
- [C-]#[Si+]
- Modulus of Elasticity
- 459 · 459 - 476 GPa
- Knoop Microhardness
- 3000 · 3000, at 25°C
- Poissons Ratio
- 0.14 · 0.14, sintered
- Shear Modulus
- 180 GPa, · 180 GPa, Calculated
- NISTの化学物質情報
- Silicon monocarbide(409-21-2)
- EPAの化学物質情報
- Silicon carbide (409-21-2)
化学的性質
化学的特性シリコンカーバイドSiCは天然に存在する極めて稀な鉱物であるモアッサン石から初めて発見されましたSiCはシリコンと炭素の化合物でありその結晶構造はダイヤモンドに似ているため非常に硬く高い熱伝導性を持っていますこの特性によりシリコンカーバイドは研磨材や耐熱材としてまた半導体の部材としても用いられています
化学的特性Silicon carbide is a yellow to green to bluishblack, iridescent crystalline substance. Colorless when pure.
化学性质高温安定性,耐酸化性,半導体特性
安全と法規制
GHS分類
GHS Classification
Danger
H350i: May cause cancer by inhalation [Danger Carcinogenicity]
P203, P280, P318, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)
This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 70.3% (740 of 1053) of all reports.
Danger
H350i (16.6%): May cause cancer by inhalation [Danger Carcinogenicity]
危険有害性情報
Regulatory Information
Chemical: Silicon carbide (SiC)
Hazard Traits - Carcinogenicity
Hazard Traits - Carcinogenicity
Silicon carbide (SiC) is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of Silicon carbide (SiC) are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)
Status: Active Update: 08-05-2023 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/15540
Silicon carbide: Does not have an individual approval but may be used under an appropriate group standard
Hazards Summary
Production workers loading and unloading furnaces are exposed to carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, crystalline silica, and fibrous and nonfibrous silicon carbide particles. [Rom, p. 534-5] Workers in production and manufacturing, e.g., abrasive products industry, are exposed to varying quantities of fibers (or whiskers) that have dimensions similar to amphibole asbestos fibers. Nonfibrous particles have low to very low toxic effects on lung tissue. Silicon carbide fibers, on the other hand, can cause lung fibrosis, lung cancer, and possibly mesothelioma. Silicon carbide fibers should be counted and controlled in the same manner as asbestos fibers. [ACGIH] Occupational exposures associated with the Acheson process are carcinogenic to humans (Group 1). Fibrous silicon carbide is possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B). Silicon carbide whiskers are probably carcinogenic to humans (Group 2A). [IARC Vol. 111] See the agent, Acheson process, occupational exposure.
OSHA Standards
Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-1 8-hr Time Weighted Avg: 15 mg/cu m. /Total dust/
Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-1 8-hr Time Weighted Avg: 5 mg/cu m. /Respirable fraction/
Vacated 1989 OSHA PEL TWA 10 mg/cu m is still enforced in some states. /Total/
Vacated 1989 OSHA PEL TWA 5 mg/cu m is still enforced in some states. /Resp/
安全と保護具
First Aid Measures
Fresh air, rest.
First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.
First Aid
Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Silicon carbide:
(General first aid procedures)
Exposure Control and Personal Protection
TIH (Toxic Inhalation Hazard) - Term used to describe gases and volatile liquids that are toxic when inhaled. Some are TIH materials themselves, e.g., chlorine, and some release TIH gases when spilled in water, e.g., chlorosilanes. [ERG 2016].
Threshold Limit Values (TLV)
10.0 [mg/m3], (inhalable particulate matter), 3 mg/m3 (respirable fraction) [nonfibrous forms], 0.1 respirable fibers/cc [fibrous forms]
8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 10 mg/cu m. /Nonfibrous silicon carbide; inhalable fraction; particulate matter containing no asbestos & <1% crystalline silica/
Excursion Limit Recommendation: Excursions in worker exposure levels may exceed 3 times the TLV-TWA for no more than a total of 30 minutes during a work day, and under no circumstances should they exceed 5 times the TLV-TWA, provided that the TLV-TWA is not exceeded. /Nonfibrous and fibrous (incl whiskers) forms of silicon carbide/
8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 3 mg/cu m. /Nonfibrous silicon carbide; respirable fraction; particulate matter containing no asbestos & <1% crystalline silica/
8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.1 fibers/cc. /Respirable fibers: length > 5 um; aspect ratio greater than or equal to 3:1, as determined by the membrane filter method at 400-450X magnification (4-mm objective), using phase-contrast illumination; fibrous forms of silicon carbide (incl whiskers)/
A2; Suspected human carcinogen. /fibrous forms of silicon carbide (incl whiskers)/
毒性情報
Signs and Symptoms
Cough.
Redness. Pain.
irritation eyes, skin, upper respiratory system; cough
Human Toxicity Excerpts
SLIGHT RADIOGRAPHIC CHANGES /OCCURRED/ IN 10 OF 32 WORKERS EXPOSED ... TO SILICON CARBIDE. MOST ... HAD WORKED FOR 15 YR OR MORE IN DUSTY ATMOSPHERES WITH AVG DUST COUNT OF 1200 PARTICLES/CC (34 MPPCF) & AVG PARTICLE DIAMETER OF 1 MICRON. ALL CASES WERE TUBERCULIN POS. THOSE PRESENTING PULMONARY CHANGES HAD ... SLIGHT RESP SYMPTOMS.
ACUTE LOCAL: INHALATION 1; IRRITANT 1. CHRONIC LOCAL: INHALATION 1. 1= SLIGHT: CAUSES READILY REVERSIBLE CHANGES WHICH DISAPPEAR AFTER END OF EXPOSURE.
Nuisance particulate (accumulation in lungs).
Silicon carbide can alter the course of inhalation tuberculosis leading to extensive fibrosis and progressive disease.
For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for SILICON CARBIDE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.
Carcinogen Classification
Silicon carbide whiskers
Group 2A: Probably carcinogenic to humans
Volume 111: (2017) Some Nanomaterials and Some Fibres
2017
2014
Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts
SILICON CARBIDE PRODUCED NO FIBROSIS OF LUNGS IN NORMAL EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS, BUT PROFOUNDLY ALTERED THE COURSE OF INHALATION TUBERCULOSIS, LEADING TO EXTENSIVE FIBROSIS & PROGRESSIVE DISEASE. ... INERT REACTION RESULTED WHEN SILICON CARBIDE WAS INJECTED IP IN GUINEA PIGS.
WOUNDING MOUSE SKIN BY STRIPPING WITH SILICON CARBIDE PAPER LED TO MARKED INDUCTION OF ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE ACTIVITY. ACTIVITY WAS MAX BETWEEN 20 & 26 HR AFTER WOUNDING, WITH SECONDARY RISE @ 72 HR.
安全データ
- OEB
- B
- OEL
- TWA: 10 mg/m3 (total)
- wgk
- 3
- tsca
- TSCA listed
- rtecs
- VW0450000
- hs_code
- 28492000
- risk_code
- 36/37/38
- 化審法
- 優先評価化学物質
- 安衛法
- 57,57-2
- hazard_code
- Xi
- safety_code
- 26-36
- ストレージクラス
- 11 - Combustible Solids
- 有毒物質データの
- 409-21-2(Hazardous Substances Data)
- 発がん性評価について
- ACGIH A2
化学と産業
薬理情報
用途と製造
Uses
Used as an abrasive and refractory material; Produced in furnaces containing petroleum coke and crystalline silica at a temperature of >2200 degrees C for 36 hours; [ACGIH]
Abrasive Blasting [Category: Clean]
Polishing glass, granite; smoothing bisque ware; in sharpening stones; abrasive;manufacture /of/ porcelain, "emery" paper and wheels, shoe soles, refractory brick, furnace linings; antiskid pavements; in semiconductor technology.
COMPONENT OF TREADS & BRAKE LININGS; COMPONENT OF HEATING ELEMENTS FOR ELECTRICAL FURNACES; FIBERS IN MATERIALS TO RESIST HIGH RE-ENTRY TEMPS & ROCKET NOZZLE COMPOSITES; COMPONENT OF THERMISTORS & VARISTORS; STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS IN NUCLEAR REACTORS; DEOXIDANT IN FERROUS METALLURGY.
Abrasive for cutting and grinding metals, grinding wheels, refractory in non-ferrous metallurgy, ceramic industry and boiler furnaces, composite tubes for steam reforming operations. Fibrous form used in filament-wound structures and heat-resistant, high-strength composites.
U.S. Exports
(1972) 4.5X10+9 GRAMS
(1975) 5.79X10+8 GRAMS
U.S. Imports
(1972) 9.7X10+10 GRAMS (CRUDE & REFINED)
(1975) 7.73X10+10 GRAMS (CRUDE)
U.S. Production
2023: 5,000,000,000 - <10,000,000,000 lb
(1972) 1.49X10+11 GRAMS (CRUDE)
(1975) 1.22X10+11 GRAMS (CRUDE)
Methods of Manufacturing
REACTION OF SILICA SAND AND COKE OR ANTHRACITE COAL AT HIGH TEMPERATURES.
MADE BY HEATING COKE & SAND (& SALT AS FLUX) IN ELECTRIC FURNACE.
Use Classification
EPA Safer Chemical Functional Use Classes -> Processing Aids and Additives
Safer Chemical Classes -> Green circle - The chemical has been verified to be of low concern
General Manufacturing Information
Non-metallic Mineral Product Manufacturing (includes clay, glass, cement, concrete, lime, gypsum, and other non-metallic mineral product manufacturing)
Silicon carbide (SiC): ACTIVE
AVAILABLE FORMS: POWDER; FILAMENT; WHISKERS (3 MILLION PSI); SINGLE CRYSTALS.
LIQ WASTE OF NUCLEAR FUEL REPROCESSING CALCINED, PARTICLES OVERCOATED BY ALPHA-SILICON CARBIDE, GRAPHITE & FORMALDEHYDE-PHENOL RESIN, PRESSED, CARBONIZED & SINTERED FORMING BETA-SILICON CARBIDE MATRIX ENCLOSING WASTE.
応用分野
解説純粋なものは無色の結晶。通常は褐色ないし黒色。きわめて硬く(硬度9以上),酸に侵されず,高温でも他と反応しにくい。ケイ砂とコークスとを約2000℃で反応させてつくる。炭化ケイ素は,ダイヤモンドに次ぐ硬さと高融点をもち,薬品に侵されにくく,熱,電気はややよく伝える。これらの特性のため,砥石材料,研磨材,化学工業用ライナ (被覆材) ,耐熱ライナ,電気炉の抵抗発熱体などにつくられる。原料は粉状なので,砥石では熱硬化性樹脂などで成形し,高温用には焼結成形する。
用途ガラス研磨剤、研磨布、砥石、耐火レンガ
用途おもに研削材で、トイシ、研摩布、ラップにも用い、特殊耐火物、化学反応容器や抵抗体、非直線性抵抗体として避雷器などに用いられ、高温でも使用できる整流器やトランジスターとしての用途も研究されている。
説明Silicon carbide is a hard covalently bonded material predominantly produced by the carbothermal reduction of silica. Silicon carbide is made by heating silica sand and petroleum coke packed around electrodes in an electric resistance furnace to above 2200°C. Depending on the exact reaction conditions the resulting silicon carbide is either a fine powder or a bonded mass that requires crushing and milling to produce a usable feedstock. This material is very resistant to abrasion and to corrosion with a molten slag. It also has excellent resistance to thermal spalling. However as it is a carbide, it will oxidise readily, silicon carbide has a fairly high conductivity. Several hundred structures of silicon carbide (polytypes) have been identified which have different stacking arrangements for the silicon and carbon atoms. The simplest structure is a diamond structure which is designated /3-SiC. Other structures are either hexagonal or rhombic and are referred to as a-SiC.
使用Silicon carbide is widely used as an abrasive in grinding and cutting glasses; in polishing glass and sharpening stones. It is used in the manufacture of porcelain, refractory brick, furnace linings, and emery paper. The compound also is used in semiconductor technology.
一般的な説明Yellow to green to bluish-black, iridescent crystals. Sublimes with decomposition at 2700°C. Density 3.21 g cm-3. Insoluble in water. Soluble in molten alkalis (NaOH, KOH) and molten iron.
使用用途シリコンカーバイドの特徴として、高硬度、耐摩耗性、高熱伝導性、耐食性などが挙げられます。、シャフトなどの摺動部品だけでなく、分級機などの部品に加えて、高温試験機、金属溶融用のるつぼのような耐熱部品に利用可能です。 また、近年は電源の変換効率が従来の半導体より高いパワー半導体 (SiCパワー半導体) の材料として注目されています。SiCパワー半導体は、HEV (ハイブリッド車) にも使用されています。
調製方法
Silicon carbide, also known by the trade name Carborundum, has been manufactured and used as an abrasive material for more than a century. It combines desirable properties of hardness and thermal resistance. It is produced by heating high-grade silica sand with finely ground carbon at 2400°C in an electric furnace. In its powdered or granular form, it has been used as the abrasive material in “paper and wheels.” It is used as an abrasive in sandblasting and engraving. It has been incorporated into ceramics and glass and especially into refractory ceramic materials.
SiC was synthesized at the end of the 18th century with the name carborundum, and it was used as abrasive. In 1920 in Russia, O.V. Losev discovered two types of SiC from electro-luminescence and named them Type I and Type II. The electro-luminescence of Type I is greenish blue colored and that of Type II changes from orange to violet via yellow and green as the voltage increases from 6 to 28 V. The pure crystal is nominally obtained as 6H (a-II) SiC and the crystals with impurity are obtained as 15R and 4H. a-SiC (6H, 15R) is mainly synthesized using the sublimation method by heating the mixture of coke and silica sands at 2000℃ in the electrical furnace. SiC is segregated by cooling after melting Si in the carbon crucible.
製造方法Silicon carbide is prepared by fusing a mixture of silica (sand) and carbon (coke) with some salt and saw dust in an electric arc furnace at 3000°C. SiO2(Sand)+3C(Coke)--(3000℃)--Sic+2CO Salt and saw dust is added to infuse air into the product so that it can be broken into pieces easily. The product obtained is first washed with strong acid followed by strong base to remove basic and acidic impurities respectively. Finally, it is washed with water.
合成方法アチソン法(電気抵抗炉法)
上流・下流製品情報
上流原料
下流製品
サプライヤー50 社
補足説明
定義本品は、β型炭化ケイ素の微粉末である。
定義Bluish-black, iridescent crystals. Insoluble in water and alcohol; soluble in fused alkalies and molten iron. Excellent thermal conductivity, electrically conductive, resists oxida- tion at high temperatures. Noncombustible, a nui- sance particulate.
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