Cyanogen

Excerpt from ERG Guide 119 [Gases - Toxic - Flammable]:；DO NOT EXTINGUISH A LEAKING GAS FIRE UNLESS LEAK CAN BE STOPPED.；SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam.；LARGE FIRE: Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam. FOR CHLOROSILANES, DO NOT USE WATER; use alcohol-resistant foam. If it can be done safely, move undamaged containers away from the area around the fire. Damaged cylinders should be handled only by specialists.；FIRE INVOLVING TANKS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned master stream devices or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Do not direct water at source of leak or safety devices; icing may occur. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks in direct contact with flames. (ERG, 2024)

Shut off supply; if not possible and no risk to surroundings, let the fire burn itself out. In other cases extinguish with dry powder, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep cylinder cool by spraying with water.

Fresh air, rest. Half-upright position. Artificial respiration may be needed. No mouth-to-mouth artificial respiration. Refer for medical attention.

ON FROSTBITE: rinse with plenty of water, do NOT remove clothes. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.；· Keep unauthorized personnel away.；· Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream.；· Many gases are heavier than air and will spread along the ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks, etc.).；· Ventilate closed spaces before entering, but only if properly trained and equipped.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.；· All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded.；· Do not touch or walk through spilled material.；· Stop leak if you can do it without risk.；· Do not direct water at spill or source of leak.；· Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material.；· FOR CHLOROSILANES, use alcohol-resistant foam to reduce vapors.；· If possible, turn leaking containers so that gas escapes rather than liquid.；· Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.；· Isolate area until gas has dispersed.

Excerpt from NIOSH Pocket Guide for Cyanogen:；Eye: FROSTBITE - If eye tissue is frozen, seek medical attention immediately; if tissue is not frozen, immediately and thoroughly flush the eyes with large amounts of water for at least 15 minutes, occasionally lifting the lower and upper eyelids. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist, get medical attention as soon as possible.；Skin: FROSTBITE - If frostbite has occurred, seek medical attention immediately; do NOT rub the affected areas or flush them with water. In order to prevent further tissue damage, do NOT attempt to remove frozen clothing from frostbitten areas. If frostbite has NOT occurred, immediately and thoroughly wash contaminated skin with soap and water.；Breathing: RESPIRATORY SUPPORT - If a person breathes large amounts of this chemical, move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible. (NIOSH, 2024)

General First Aid:；· Call 911 or emergency medical service.；· Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, take precautions to protect themselves and avoid contamination.；· Move victim to fresh air if it can be done safely.；· Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult.；· If victim is not breathing:；-- DO NOT perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation; the victim may have ingested or inhaled the substance.；-- If equipped and pulse detected, wash face and mouth, then give artificial respiration using a proper respiratory medical device (bag-valve mask, pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other device).；-- If no pulse detected or no respiratory medical device available, provide continuous compressions. Conduct a pulse check every two minutes or monitor for any signs of spontaneous respirations.；· Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes.；· For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin.；· In case of contact with substance, remove immediately by flushing skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes.；· For severe burns, immediate medical attention is required.；· Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact) to substance may be delayed.；· Keep victim calm and warm.；· Keep victim under observation.；· For further assistance, contact your local Poison Control Center.；· Note: Basic Life Support (BLS) and Advanced Life Support (ALS) should be done by trained professionals.；Specific First Aid:；· In case of contact with liquefied gas, only medical personnel should attempt thawing frosted parts.

(General first aid procedures)；Eye: Frostbite - If eye tissue is frozen, seek medical attention immediately; if tissue is not frozen, immediately and thoroughly flush the eyes with large amounts of water for at least 15 minutes, occasionally lifting the lower and upper eyelids. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist, get medical attention as soon as possible.；Skin: Frostbite - Compressed gases may create low temperatures when they expand rapidly. Leaks and uses that allow rapid expansion may cause a frostbite hazard. Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent the skin from becoming frozen.；Breathing: Respiratory support

Vapors are heavier than air and may travel to a source of ignition and flash back.

Closed containers may rupture violently when heated.

· Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).；· Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer when there is NO RISK OF FIRE.；· Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides thermal protection but only limited chemical protection.

TIH (Toxic Inhalation Hazard) - Term used to describe gases and volatile liquids that are toxic when inhaled. Some are TIH materials themselves, e.g., chlorine, and some release TIH gases when spilled in water, e.g., chlorosilanes. [ERG 2016].

5.0 [ppm]

If material on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Solid streams of water may be ineffective. Use "alcohol" foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide. /Cyanogen, liquefied/

Stop flow of gas before extinguishing fire. Use fine spray or fog to control fire by preventing its spread and absorbing some of its heat. Use water spray to keep fire-exposed containers cool. Fight fire from protected location or maximum possible distance. Control runoff and isolate discharged material for proper disposal.

Carbon dioxide fire extinguishers must not be used where cyanide salts are present. /Cyanide salts/

Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated location. Isolate from acids. Outside or detached storage is preferred.

Cyanogen should be stored in cool, well-ventilated locations, not near to flammable goods or open flames. Dry and pure (CN)2 can be stored in steel cylinders under pressure and at normal temperatures

Releases may require isolation or evacuation. Eliminate all ignition sources. Stop or control the leak if this can be done without undue risk. Use water spray to cool and disperse vapors, protect personnel, and dilute spills to form nonflammable mixtures. Approach release from upwind. Control runoff and isolate discharged material for proper disposal.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 119 [Gases - Toxic - Flammable]:；ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area. All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Do not direct water at spill or source of leak. Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material. FOR CHLOROSILANES, use alcohol-resistant foam to reduce vapors. If possible, turn leaking containers so that gas escapes rather than liquid. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Isolate area until gas has dispersed. (ERG, 2024)

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number D003 and P031, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

A good candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids.

A good candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids.

Seal cylinder and return to supplier. Where the leak cannot be sealed, wear self-contained breathing apparatus and transport the cylinder to a fume hood. Attach a regulator to the cylinder and a piece of flexible rubber hose to the regulator. Dip the hose into a solution of sodium hydroxide and sodium hypochlorite. When the cylinder is empty, allow the basic solution to stand for 24 hours, then wash into the drain with at least 50 times its volume of water.

Antidotes to cyanide poisoning include hydroxocobalamin and sodium nitrite, which release the cyanide from the cytochrome system, and rhodanase, which is an enzyme occurring naturally in mammals that combines serum cyanide with thiosulfate, producing comparatively harmless thiocyanate. Oxygen therapy can also be administered. (L97)

An approach to antidote therapy for cyanide poisoning by using Stroma-Free Methemoglobin Solution was investigated. Rats injected with an LD100 intravenous dose of cyanide were treated with Stroma-Free Methemoglobin Solution equal to 1.5% of their total body hemoglobin. There was a highly significant increase in the survival rate of the treated group compared to saline controls. The potential advantages of Stroma-Free Methemoglobin Solution over current antidotes include an immediate onset of action, rapid elimination of cyanide from the body and a mode of action that doesn't compromise any of the patients' oxygen carrying capacity. Stroma-Free Methemoglobin Solution shows promise as a significant adjunct in the treatment of cyanide poisoning. /Cyanide/

Exposure to high levels of cyanide for a short time harms the brain and heart and can even cause coma, seizures, apnea, cardiac arrest and death. Chronic inhalation of cyanide causes breathing difficulties, chest pain, vomiting, blood changes, headaches, and enlargement of the thyroid gland. Skin contact with cyanide salts can irritate and produce sores. (L96, L97)

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 8.3(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 0.07(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that cyanogen is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of cyanogen from moist soil surfaces may be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 3.45X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), based upon its vapor pressure, 4,300 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 1.51X10+5 mg/L(5). Cyanogen will volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(4). Hydrolysis may occur in moist soils based on the hydrolysis of cyanogen in aqueous solutions(6). Biodegradation data were not available(SRC, 2008).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 8.3(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 0.07(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that cyanogen is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 3.45X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 4,300 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 1.51X10+5 mg/L(5). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are approximately 2 hours and 3 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(6), an estimated BCF of 3.2(SRC), from a log Kow of 0.07(2) and a regression-derived equation(7), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Cyanogen slowly hydrolyzes in aqueous solution(8). Biodegradation data were not available(SRC, 2008).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), cyanogen, which has a vapor pressure of 4,300 mm Hg at 25 °C(2) is expected to exist solely as a gas in the ambient atmosphere. Gas-phase cyanogen will be slowly degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is > 530 days, calculated from its rate constant of <0.03X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). Cyanogen does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation.

inhalation, skin and/or eye contact

Inhalation (L96) ; oral (L96) ; dermal (L96)

Organic nitriles decompose into cyanide ions both in vivo and in vitro. Consequently the primary mechanism of toxicity for organic nitriles is their production of toxic cyanide ions or hydrogen cyanide. Cyanide is an inhibitor of cytochrome c oxidase in the fourth complex of the electron transport chain (found in the membrane of the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells). It complexes with the ferric iron atom in this enzyme. The binding of cyanide to this cytochrome prevents transport of electrons from cytochrome c oxidase to oxygen. As a result, the electron transport chain is disrupted and the cell can no longer aerobically produce ATP for energy. Tissues that mainly depend on aerobic respiration, such as the central nervous system and the heart, are particularly affected. Cyanide is also known produce some of its toxic effects by binding to catalase, glutathione peroxidase, methemoglobin, hydroxocobalamin, phosphatase, tyrosinase, ascorbic acid oxidase, xanthine oxidase, succinic dehydrogenase, and Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase. Cyanide binds to the ferric ion of methemoglobin to form inactive cyanmethemoglobin. (L97)

Convulsions. Cough. Dizziness. Headache. Laboured breathing. Sore throat. Unconsciousness. Vomiting.

ON CONTACT WITH LIQUID: FROSTBITE.

Redness. Pain.

irritation eyes, nose, upper respiratory system; lacrimation (discharge of tears); cherry red lips, tachypnea, hypernea, bradycardia; headache, convulsions; dizziness, loss of appetite, weight loss; liquid: frostbite

Cyanide poisoning is identified by rapid, deep breathing and shortness of breath, general weakness, giddiness, headaches, vertigo, confusion, convulsions/seizures and eventually loss of consciousness. (L96, L97)

Cyanogen is a thermal decomposition product of mercury cyanide(1,2) and silver cyanide(2). Cyanogen is a decomposition product of cyanogen iodide(2) and hexacyanoethane(3). Cyanogen was found in emissions from the combustion of gasoline containing nitrogen additives(4).

Cyanogen

1 x 10 ^-3 mg/kg-day

Hazard Traits - Reproductive Toxicity；Authoritative List - Prop 65；Report - regardless of intended function of ingredient in the product

Status: Active Update: 27-04-2022 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/12319

The New Jersey Worker and Community Right to Know Act requires public and private employers to provide information about hazardous substances at their workplaces. (N.J.S.A. 34:5A-1 et. seq.)

P031; As stipulated in 40 CFR 261.33, when cyanogen, as a commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product or a manufacturing chemical intermediate, becomes a waste, it must be managed according to federal and/or state hazardous waste regulations. Also defined as a hazardous waste is any container or inner liner used to hold this waste or any residue, contaminated soil, water, or other debris resulting from the cleanup of a spill, into water or on dry land, of this waste. Generators of small quantities of this waste may qualify for partial exclusion from hazardous waste regulations (40 CFR 261.5(e)).

D003; A solid waste containing cyanogen may become characterized as a hazardous waste when subjected to testing for reactivity as stipulated in 40 CFR 261.23, and if so characterized, must be managed as a hazardous waste.

Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 100 lb or 45.4 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b).

Toxic pollutant designated pursuant to section 307(a)(1) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act and is subject to effluent limitations. /Cyanides/

The procedure described in the "Guidelines for Deriving Numerical National Water quality Criteria for the Protection of Aquatic Organisms and Their Uses" indicate that, except possibly where a locally important species is very sensitive, freshwater aquatic organisms and their uses should not be affected unacceptably if the four day average concentration of cyanide does not exceed 5.2 ug/l more than once every three years on the average and if the one hour average concentration does not exceed 22 ug/l more than once every three years on the average. /Cyanide/

The procedures described in the "Guidelines for Deriving Numerical National Water Quality Criteria for the Protection of Aquatic Organisms and Their Uses" indicate that, except possibly where a locally important species is very sensitive, saltwater aquatic organisms and their uses should not be affected unacceptably if the one hour average concentration of cyanide does not exceed 1.0 ug/l more than once every three years on the average. /Cyanide/

Cyanogen

1

10000

11.67

45

Flammable chemical that can be released at a facility.

Used in organic synthesis; Also used as a fuel (for cutting and welding heat-resistant metals), a rocket fuel, and a fumigant; Produced in internal combustion engines burning gasoline with nitrogen additives and in blast furnaces; [ACGIH]

Steel Producing [Category: Industry]；Welding [Category: Weld]；Farming (Pesticides) [Category: Industry]

Organic synthesis, /SRP: fuel for/ welding and cutting metals, fumigant, rocket propellant.

FUEL GAS FOR WELDING & CUTTING HEAT-RESISTANT METALS; ROCKET & MISSILE PROPELLANT (WITH OZONE OR FLUORINE)

Cyanogen has been used as a fumigant and may be encountered in situations in which there is heating of nitrogen containing carbon bonds, in blast furnace gases, and so on.

Cyanogen is used mainly in the laboratory. In small quantities, cyanogen is used industrially for drug synthesis. The preparation of oxamide (a slow-release fertilizer) has been carried out on a small scale. Large-scale industrial applications are not yet known.

... Oxidation of hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst.

The continuous production of (CN)2 from HCN and O2 or H2O2 is utilized industrially on a small scale.

Preparation by adding an aqueous solution of sodium or potassium cyanide to an aqueous solution of copper(II) sulfate or chloride.

(1) potassium cyanide solutions is slowly dropped into copper sulfate solution; (2) mercury Cyanide is heated

For more Methods of Manufacturing (Complete) data for CYANOGEN (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Grades: Technical; Pure

/Grade with purity of/ 98.5% /available/

Ethanedinitrile: ACTIVE

Shipped as a liquefied compressed gas. Forms cyanide in the body.