Piperonyl alcohol

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 16(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 1.05(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that piperonyl alcohol is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of piperonyl alcohol from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 6.1X10-7 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(3). Piperonyl alcohol is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 2.9X10-4 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(3). Biodegradation data in soil were not available(SRC, 2018).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 16(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 1.05(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that piperonyl alcohol is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(4) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 6.1X10-7 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(5). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 1.3(SRC), from its log Kow(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Biodegradation data in water were not available(SRC, 2018).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), piperonyl alcohol, which has an estimated vapor pressure of 2.9X10-4 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(2), will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases. Vapor-phase piperonyl alcohol is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 7 hrs(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 5.2X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(2). Particulate-phase piperonyl alcohol may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC). Piperonyl alcohol does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(3) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Piperonyl alcohol is a benzodioxole derivative. It is biocompatible and can be used in chemical synthesis as an initiator. HUMAN STUDIES: There are no data available. ANIMAL STUDIES: Oxidation or conjugation of the side chain was the major metabolic pathway for piperonyl alcohol in mice, rats, or hamsters.

The Koc of piperonyl alcohol is estimated as 16(SRC), using a log Kow of 1.05(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that piperonyl alcohol is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC).

An estimated BCF of 1.2 was calculated in fish for piperonyl alcohol(SRC), using a log Kow of 1.05(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

The Henry's Law constant for piperonyl alcohol is estimated as 6.1X10-7 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) developed using a fragment constant estimation method(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that piperonyl alcohol is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from water and moist soil surfaces(2). Piperonyl alcohol is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 2.9X10-4 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(1).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of piperonyl alcohol with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 5.2X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 7 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). Piperonyl alcohol is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(2). Piperonyl alcohol does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(2) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

Occupational exposure to piperonyl alcohol may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where piperonyl alcohol is produced or used. The general public is not likely to be exposed to piperonyl alcohol. (SRC)

Piperonyl alcohol's production and use as a chemical intermediate may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. If released to air, an estimated vapor pressure of 2.9X10-4 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates piperonyl alcohol will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase piperonyl alcohol will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 7 hrs. Particulate-phase piperonyl alcohol will be removed from the atmosphere by wet and dry deposition. Piperonyl alcohol does not contains chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, piperonyl alcohol is expected to have very high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 16. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 6.1X10-7 atm-cu m/mole. Piperonyl alcohol is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces based upon its vapor pressure. Biodegradation data in soil or water were not available. If released into water, piperonyl alcohol is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon this compound's estimated Henry's Law constant. An estimated BCF of 1.3 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions (pH 5 to 9). Occupational exposure to piperonyl alcohol may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where piperonyl alcohol is produced or used. Use data suggest that the general population is not likely to be exposed to piperonyl alcohol. (SRC)

/SRP:/ Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Poisons A and B/

/SRP:/ Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if needed. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Poisons A and B/

/SRP:/ Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W TKO /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam (Valium) or lorazepam (Ativan) ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Poisons A and B/

The results indicate that two benzodioxole derivatives, piperonyl alcohol (PAL) and benzodioxole (BDO), are viable alternatives to conventional amines as coinitiator. The biocompatibility of benzodioxole derivatives makes them more promising than amine in dental resin formulations.