무수프탈산

Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs)

Corrosives

Phthalate

log Kow = 1.60

1.6

0.7

Mild

Characteristic, acrid odor

1.2 at 275 °F 1.53 at 20 °C (solid) (USCG, 1999) - Denser than water; will sink

1.20 (molten); 1.53 (flake)

1.53 g/cm³

1.53 at 68 °F

1.527 @ 4°C

1.53 (Flake) 1.20 (Molten)

White, lustrous needles

Colorless needles; monoclinic or rhombic prisms

White needles from alcohol and benzene

White solid (flake) or a clear colorless liquid (molten)

Decomposes (NTP, 1992)

In water, 6,000 mg/L at 25 °C

In water, 6,200 mg/L at 26 °C; 5,964 mg/L at room temperature

In water, 6,200 to 6,400 mg/L at 20-25 °C

In water, 16,400 mg/L including rapid hydrolysis to phthalic acid

For more Solubility (Complete) data for PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

305 °F (NTP, 1992)

305 °F (152 °C) (Closed cup)

329 °F (Open cup); 305 °F (Closed cup)

152 °C c.c.

305 °F

305 °F

563 °F at 760 mmHg (sublimes) (NTP, 1992)

285.3 °C

Sublimes below the boiling point

284 °C (sublimes)

563 °F

295 °C @760 [mm Hg]

Danger

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

P233, P260, P261, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P272, P280, P284, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P317, P319, P321, P330, P332+P317, P333+P317, P342+P316, P362+P364, P403, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 0.4% (14 of 3919) of reports.

Danger

H302 (99.6%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

Chemical: 1,3-Isobenzofurandione

Hazard Traits - Dermatotoxicity; Respiratory Toxicity

1,3-Isobenzofurandione is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of 1,3-Isobenzofurandione are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)

REACH registered substance: Phthalic anhydride (EC: 201-607-5)

Phthalic anhydride: Does not have an individual approval but may be used under an appropriate group standard

The New Jersey Worker and Community Right to Know Act requires public and private employers to provide information about hazardous substances at their workplaces. (N.J.S.A. 34:5A-1 et. seq.)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 156 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible / Water-Sensitive)]:

· Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily.

Combustible. Finely dispersed particles form explosive mixtures in air.

Combustible solid

Combustible when exposed to heat or flame.

Solid irritates skin and eyes, causing coughing and sneezing. Liquid causes severe thermal burns. (USCG, 1999)

· TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE; inhalation, ingestion or contact (skin, eyes) with vapors, dusts or substance may cause severe injury, burns or death.

Exposure to phthalic anhydride may occur during its use as a chemical intermediate in the plastics industry. The acute (short-term) effects from exposure to phthalic anhydride in humans consists of irritation to the eyes, respiratory tract, and skin, but no permanent injury is observed. Chronic (long-term) effects observed in workers exposed to phthalic anhydride included conjunctivitis, rhinitis, rhinoconjunctivitis, bronchitis, and irritation of the skin and mucous membranes of the respiratory tract. Animal studies indicate that chronic exposure to phthalic anhydride vapor causes congestion, irritation, and injury to lung cells. No studies are available on the reproductive, developmental, or carcinogenic effects of phthalic anhydride in humans. EPA has not classified phthalic anhydride for carcinogenicity.

Occupational asthma reported in plastic resin production workers; [Malo] Solid form causes first degree burns on short exposure; [CHRIS] Phthalic anhydride is a skin irritant. [Quick CPC] Workers exhibiting dermal or respiratory symptoms (e.g., rhinitis) may benefit from early intervention to reduce or eliminate further exposure. . . . A number of human studies found that phthalic anhydride exposure can cause or is associated with sensitization, elevated IgE and IgG, occupational asthma (immediate, late or both), rhinitis, conjunctivitis, chronic bronchitis, respiratory irritation, and contact urticaria. It may also cause allergic contact dermatitis. [ACGIH] See ACID ANHYDRIDES.

2214 156

2214 156

European Chemicals Bureau; IUCLID Dataset, Phthalic anhydride (CAS No. 85-44-9) (2000 CD-ROM edition). Description of information on usage patterns, toxicology, and ecological effects submitted by industry to the European Union.[Available from, as of August 22, 2006: http://esis.jrc.ec.europa.eu/]

DHEW/NCI; Bioassay of Phthalic Anhydride for Possible Carcinogenicity (1979) Technical Report Series No. 159 (DHEW Pub No. (NIH) 79-1715)[Available from, as of April 4, 2003: http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/htdocs/LT_rpts/tr159.pdf]

U190; As stipulated in 40 CFR 261.33, when phthalic anhydride, as a commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product or a manufacturing chemical intermediate, becomes a waste, it must be managed according to Federal and/or State hazardous waste regulations. Also defined as a hazardous waste is any residue, contaminated soil, water, or other debris resulting from the cleanup of a spill, into water or on dry land, of this waste. Generators of small quantities of this waste may qualify for partial exclusion from hazardous waste regulations (40 CFR 261.5).

Excerpt from ERG Guide 156 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible / Water-Sensitive)]:

Use water spray, foam, dry powder, carbon dioxide.

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

Wear protective gloves when administering first aid. Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower for at least 15 minutes. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting. Give one or two glasses of water to drink. Refer for medical attention .

· CALL 911. Then call emergency response telephone number on shipping paper. If shipping paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover.

· ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames) from immediate area.

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

General First Aid:

(General first aid procedures)

Respiratory

Eyes, skin, respiratory system, liver, kidneys

LC50; Species: Leuciscus idus (orfe); Conditions: static; Concentration: 313 mg/L for 48 hr

EC50; Species: Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (Green algae); Conditions: freshwater; static; Concentration: 41400 ug/L (95% confidence limit: 0 to 109100 ug/L) for 96 hr; Effect: population, biomass /active ingredient/

EC50; Species: Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (Green algae); Conditions: freshwater; static; Concentration: 78530 ug/L (95% confidence limit: 0 to 1353330 ug/L) for 96 hr; Effect: population, biomass /active ingredient/

EC50; Species: Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (Green algae); Conditions: freshwater; static; Concentration: 147 ug/L (95% confidence limit: 60 to 350 ug/L) for 96 hr; Effect: population, biomass /active ingredient/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 10(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that phthalic anhydride is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). However, phthalic anhydride hydrolyzes rapidly in water with a half-life of about 25 minutes or less at 25 °C(3,4) which suggests that leaching may not be an important fate process(SRC). Volatilization of phthalic anhydride from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.7X10-8 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure, 5.17X10-4 mm Hg(5), and water solubility, 6000 mg/L(6). Hydrolysis in moist soil will also attenuate volatilization(SRC). Phthalic anhydride is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure. Based on the available experimental biodegradation test results, phthalic anhydride can be classified as readily biodegradable(3). However, biodegradation test results may be reflective of biodegradation of phthalic acid which is the hydrolysis product of phthalic anhydride(3,4).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 10(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that phthalic anhydride is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.7X10-8 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 5.17X10-4 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 6000 mg/L(5). Phthalic anhydride hydrolyzes rapidly in water with a half-life of about 25 minutes or less at 25 °C(6,7). Phthalic acid is the hydrolysis product(6). Hydrolysis half-lives may drop to one minute or less depending on buffering agents in the water and pH(6-8). According to a classification scheme(9), an estimated BCF of 5(SRC), from its log Kow of 1.60(6) and a regression-derived equation(2), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Any potential volatilization or bioconcentration will be attenuated by hydrolysis(SRC). Based on the available experimental biodegradation test results, phthalic anhydride can be classified as readily biodegradable(6). However, biodegradation test results may be reflective of biodegradation of phthalic acid which is the hydrolysis product of phthalic anhydride(6,7).

U190; As stipulated in 40 CFR 261.33, when phthalic anhydride, as a commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product or a manufacturing chemical intermediate, becomes a waste, it must be managed according to Federal and/or State hazardous waste regulations. Also defined as a hazardous waste is any residue, contaminated soil, water, or other debris resulting from the cleanup of a spill, into water or on dry land, of this waste. Generators of small quantities of this waste may qualify for partial exclusion from hazardous waste regulations (40 CFR 261.5).

This action promulgates standards of performance for equipment leaks of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in the Synthetic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Industry (SOCMI). The intended effect of these standards is to require all newly constructed, modified, and reconstructed SOCMI process units to use the best demonstrated system of continuous emission reduction for equipment leaks of VOC, considering costs, non air quality health and environmental impact and energy requirements. Phthalic anhydride is produced, as an intermediate or a final product, by process units covered under this subpart.

Listed as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) generally known or suspected to cause serious health problems. The Clean Air Act, as amended in 1990, directs EPA to set standards requiring major sources to sharply reduce routine emissions of toxic pollutants. EPA is required to establish and phase in specific performance based standards for all air emission sources that emit one or more of the listed pollutants. Phthalic anhydride is included on this list.

Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 5000 lb or 2270 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b).

The excretion of phthalic anhydride in humans has been investigated in a study where urine samples were collected from nine subjects occupationally exposed to phthalic anhydride, primarily by the inhalation route... Phthalic anhydride is converted to phthalic acid in the presence of water... The concentration of phthalic acid in the urine was found to increase from the pre-shift level to a maximum in the immediate postshift or evening urine sample. The concentration then decreased, with a half-life of approx. 14 hours (no further information on half-life estimation). No evidence was seen of conjugate formation...

The excretion of phthalic anhydride in humans has been investigated in a study where urine samples were collected from nine subjects occupationally exposed to phthalic anhydride, primarily by the inhalation route. Samples were taken pre-shift (7:00 hours) on-shift, post-shift (15:00 hours) and in the evening and the next morning after work day. Airborne phthalic anhydride levels ranged from 0.03 to 10.5 mg/cu m (mean value, MMAD not stated), determined from personal air samples from the worker breathing zone. Urine was also taken from a control group of 22 persons not occupational exposed to phthalic anhydride. Phthalic anhydride is converted to phthalic acid in the presence of water. Phthalic acid concentration in the urine was measured after esterification with methanol by electron capture gas chromatography, and expressed in terms of urinary creatinine. Urine samples were also subjected to acid, alkaline, and enzymatic hydrolysis by beta-glucuronidase or aryl sulphatase. At low atmospheric phthalic anhydride concentrations (mean +/- SD; 0.15 +/- 0.15 mg/cu m, range 0.03 - 0.33 mg/cu m, n=5) the excretion of phthalic acid increased from the pre-shift (7:00 hours) concentration to the post-shift (15:00 hours) concentration and decreased then until the pre-shift concentration was again reached. The pre-shift phthalic acid concentration in the urine (0.49 +/- 0.15 umol/mmol creatinine) were not significantly different from those of occupationally unexposed people (0.34 +/- 0.25 mol/mmol creatinine, range 0.02-0.089 umol/mmol creatinine, n=22). Exposure to higher concentrations of phthalic anhydride in air (1.63 +/- 0.13 mg/cu m, n=2) resulted in a body load of phthalic acid which was not totally cleared overnight, and with pre-shift phthalic acid concentrations in the urine with a mean value three times the mean control value (1.02 +/- 0.25 umol/mmol creatinine). One worker exposed to high concentration of phthalic anhydride (10.2 mg/cu m) had a pre-shift urinary concentration of 4.8 umol of phthalic acid /mmol creatinine; approximately 14 times that of the control group. The concentration of phthalic acid in the urine was found to increase from the pre-shift level to a maximum in the immediate postshift or evening urine sample. The concentration then decreased, with a half-life of approx. 14 hours (no further information on half-life estimation). No evidence was seen of conjugate formation. Thus, workers occupationally exposed to atmospheric phthalic anhydride absorbed the substance with some being excreted in the urine as unconjugated phthalic acid.

Covalently bound radioactivity was found in all tissues of fetuses of CD-1 mouse dams injected ip with 80 mg/kg (14)C-phthalic anhydride on days 11, 12 and 13 of gestation.

Administration of [(14)-C]- or [(3)H]-phthalic anhydride to pregnant rabbits during embryogenesis /resulted in/ bound radioactivity ... found in all tissues examined.

Bound radioactivity was found in the fetuses of mice receiving [(14)C]- phthalic anhydride by the intraperitoneal route, indicating the phthalic anhydride or a metabolite of the substrate may can cross the placenta.

The excretion of phthalic anhydride in humans has been investigated in a study where urine samples were collected from nine subjects occupationally exposed to phthalic anhydride, primarily by the inhalation route. Samples were taken pre-shift (7:00 hours) on-shift, post-shift (15:00 hours) and in the evening and the next morning after work day. Airborne phthalic anhydride levels ranged from 0.03 to 10.5 mg/cu m (mean value, MMAD not stated), determined from personal air samples from the worker breathing zone. Urine was also taken from a control group of 22 persons not occupational exposed to phthalic anhydride. Phthalic anhydride is converted to phthalic acid in the presence of water. Phthalic acid concentration in the urine was measured after esterification with methanol by electron capture gas chromatography, and expressed in terms of urinary creatinine. Urine samples were also subjected to acid, alkaline, and enzymatic hydrolysis by beta-glucuronidase or aryl sulphatase. At low atmospheric phthalic anhydride concentrations (mean +/- SD; 0.15 +/- 0.15 mg/cu m, range 0.03 - 0.33 mg/cu m, n=5) the excretion of phthalic acid increased from the pre-shift (7:00 hours) concentration to the post-shift (15:00 hours) concentration and decreased then until the pre-shift concentration was again reached. The pre-shift phthalic acid concentration in the urine (0.49 +/- 0.15 umol/mmol creatinine) were not significantly different from those of occupationally unexposed people (0.34 +/- 0.25 mol/mmol creatinine, range 0.02-0.089 umol/mmol creatinine, n=22). Exposure to higher concentrations of phthalic anhydride in air (1.63 +/- 0.13 mg/cu m, n=2) resulted in a body load of phthalic acid which was not totally cleared overnight, and with pre-shift phthalic acid concentrations in the urine with a mean value three times the mean control value (1.02 +/- 0.25 umol/mmol creatinine). One worker exposed to high concentration of phthalic anhydride (10.2 mg/cu m) had a pre-shift urinary concentration of 4.8 umol of phthalic acid /mmol creatinine; approximately 14 times that of the control group. The concentration of phthalic acid in the urine was found to increase from the pre-shift level to a maximum in the immediate postshift or evening urine sample. The concentration then decreased, with a half-life of approx. 14 hours (no further information on half-life estimation). No evidence was seen of conjugate formation. Thus, workers occupationally exposed to atmospheric phthalic anhydride absorbed the substance with some being excreted in the urine as unconjugated phthalic acid.

Phthalic anhydride is an important chemical intermediate in the plastics industry from which are derived numerous phthalate esters that function as plasticizers in synthetic resins. Phthalic anhydride itself is used as a monomer for synthetic resins such as glyptal, the alkyd resins, and the polyester resins. Phthalic anhydride is used in the synthesis of primary amines, the agricultural fungicide phaltan, and thalidomide. Other reactions with phthalic anhydride yield phenolphthalein, benzoic acid, phthalylsulfathiazole (an intestinal antimicrobial agent), and orthophthalic acid.

Chemical intermediate for various chemical resins, dyes, and pigments; curing agent for epoxy resins; [HSDB] Occupational asthma reported in plastic resin production workers; [Malo] Used to make alkyd resins in the production of paints; Workers may be exposed while welding on painted metals containing alkyd resin with phthalic anhydride hardener; [ACGIH]

Plastic Composites Manufacturing [Category: Industry]

Manufacture phthaleins, phthalates, benzoic acid, synthetic indigo, artificial resins (glyptal). Buffer.

Chem int for dioctyl phthalates-eg, di(2-ethylhexyl), other phthalate plasticizers-eg, dibutyl, insect repellents-eg, dimethyl phthalate, unsaturated polyester resins, alkyd resins, dyes and pigments, isatoic anhydride, halogenated phthalic anhydrides, diallyl phthalate, urethane polyester polyols, phenolphthalein; curing agent for epoxy resins.

Rubber retarder

The most troublesome impurity is phthalide (1(3)-isobenzofuranone), which is structurally similar to phthalic anhydride.

Impure phthalic anhydride may contain small amt of maleic anhydride & traces of naphthoquinone, which might augment irritant action.

(1978) 4.18X10+8 G

(1982) 5.05X10+9 G

(1978) 1.83X10+10 G

(1982) 8.63X10+8 G

2023: 400,000,000 - <550,000,000 lb

(1978) 4.44X10+11 G

(1982) 3.14X10+11 G

(1988) 9.99X10+8 LB

Production volumes for non-confidential chemicals reported under the Inventory Update Rule. [Table#4706]

For more U.S. Production (Complete) data for PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.