Cholinchlorid

To fight fires involving this chemical, you should be equipped with an air line or self-contained breathing apparatus. Extinguish with a dry chemical, carbon dioxide, foam or halon extinguisher. (NTP, 1992)

Use water spray, powder.

Fresh air, rest.

Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.

Rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible).

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: If you spill this chemical, you should dampen the solid spill material with water, then transfer the dampened material to a suitable container. Use absorbent paper dampened with water to pick up any remaining material. Seal your contaminated clothing and the absorbent paper in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Wash all contaminated surfaces with a strong soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

Repeated admin of choline chloride to female rats incr liver necrosis caused by carbon tetrachloride.

Lithium admin potentiates effect of exogenous choline on brain acetylcholine levels.

Toxic interaction between choline and morphine ... .

Methotrexate may diminish pools of all choline metabolites. Choline supplementation reverses fatty liver caused by methotrexate admin in rats. /Choline/

For more Interactions (Complete) data for CHOLINE CHLORIDE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The CIR Expert Panel concluded the following ingredients are safe in the present practices of use and concentration described in the safety assessment when formulated to be non-irritating...Choline Chloride..

Safe for use in cosmetics, with qualifications

The primary criterion used to est the Adequate Intake (AI) for choline is the prevention of liver damage as assessed by measuring serum levels of the liver enzyme alanine aminotransferase or ALT. ALT was formerly called and is still referred to as SGPT (serum glutamate pyrutate transaminase). /Choline/

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Single oral doses of 10 g produce no obvious pharmacodynamic response /Choline/

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Humans with and without cirrhosis have been treated with large doses of choline chloride (6 g/day for 4 weeks) with no resultant liver toxicity ...

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ At 7.5 g of choline daily, nausea, diarrhea and a small decr in blood pressure were reported in some patients. The upper limit (UL) for adults is 3.5 g daily. Individuals that may be at incr risk of side effects with choline intakes at the UL include those with trimethylaminuria, liver disease, renal disease, depression and Parkinson's disease. /Choline/

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ ...Fishy body odor, vomiting, salivation, sweating, and gastrointestinal effects ... were reported in patients with tardive dyskinesia and cerebellar ataxia treated with choline chloride at 150 and 220 mg/kg of body weight/day for 2 to 6 weeks (10 and 16 g/day, respectively) ...

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for CHOLINE CHLORIDE (17 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Given orally 2.8 g/kg to rats increased caudate nucleus choline acetyltransferase activity 27% after 8 hr & 28% after 24 hr.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Acute toxicity of choline, esp by mouth, is relatively low (about 5 g/kg for rats)... /Choline/

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ In rats, large single doses caused 4-fold elevations in acetylcholine content of adrenal & this result was followed by incr in tyrosine hydroxylase.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ The synthesis of brain phosphatidylcholine may utilize three circulating precursors: choline; a pyrimidine (eg, uridine, converted via UTP to brain CTP); and a polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (eg, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)); phosphatidylethanolamine may utilize two of these, a pyrimidine and a PUFA. ... /It was/ observe that consuming these precursors can substantially increase membrane phosphatide and synaptic protein levels in gerbil brains. (Pyrimidine metabolism in gerbils, but not rats, resembles that in humans.) Animals received, daily for 4 weeks, a diet containing choline chloride and UMP (a uridine source) and/or DHA by gavage. Brain phosphatidylcholine rose by 13-22% with uridine and choline alone, or DHA alone, or by 45% with the combination, phosphatidylethanolamine and the other phosphatides increasing by 39-74%. Smaller elevations occurred after 1-3 weeks. The combination also increased the vesicular protein Synapsin-1 by 41%, the postsynaptic protein PSD-95 by 38% and the neurite neurofibrillar proteins NF-70 and NF-M by up to 102% and 48%, respectively. However, it had no effect on the cytoskeletal protein beta-tubulin. Hence, the quantity of synaptic membrane probably increased. The precursors act by enhancing the substrate saturation of enzymes that initiate their incorporation into phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine and by UTP-mediated activation of P2Y receptors. Alzheimer's disease brains contain fewer and smaller synapses and reduced levels of synaptic proteins, membrane phosphatides, choline and DHA. The three phosphatide precursors might thus be useful in treating this disease.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for CHOLINE CHLORIDE (12 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 31,203 workers (8,214 of these are female) are potentially exposed to choline chloride in the US(1). Occupational exposure to choline chloride may occur through inhalation of dust and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where choline chloride is produced or used(SRC).

/SRP:/ Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on the left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Poisons A and B/

/SRP:/ Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if needed. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Poisons A and B/

/SRP:/ Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Poisons A and B/

LD50 Rat ip 0.400 g/kg

LD50 Rat oral 6.64 g/kg

LD50 Rat oral 3400 mg/kg

LD50 Mouse oral 3900 mg/kg

LD50 Mouse ip 320 mg/kg

Choline chloride used as a nutrient in food for human consumption is generally recognized as safe when used in accordance with good manufacturing practice.

Choline chloride used as a nutrient and/or dietary supplement in animal drugs, feeds, and related products is generally recognized as safe when used in accordance with good manufacturing or feeding practice.

CIR ingredient: Choline Chloride

Therap cat: lipotropic

Therap cat (vet): Nutritional factor. Dietary source of choline (lipotropic factor) in poultry.

MEDICATION

MEDICATION (VET)

MEDICATION (VET): Animal feed additive derived from agricultural waste or made synthetically. Available as 50% dry feed-grade & 70% soln.

(1972) NEGLIGIBLE

(1975) No Data

(1972) No Data

(1975) No Data

2023: 5,000,000 - <10,000,000 lb

(1972) 2.47X10+10 GRAMS (MED & TECH GRADE)

(1975) 1.76X10+10 GRAMS (ALL GRADES)

Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride is listed as a High Production Volume (HPV) chemical (65FR81686). Chemicals listed as HPV were produced in or imported into the U.S. in >1 million pounds in 1990 and/or 1994. The HPV list is based on the 1990 Inventory Update Rule. (IUR) (40 CFR part 710 subpart B; 51FR21438).

Production volumes for non-confidential chemicals reported under the Inventory Update Rule. [Table#2627]

REACTION OF TRIMETHYLAMINE AND CONCENTRATED HYDROCHLORIC ACID, FOLLOWED BY TREATMENT WITH ETHYLENE OXIDE UNDER PRESSURE

Klein, Kapp, US patent 2,623,901 (1952 to Nopco Chemical). Polymorphism: Collin, J Am Chem Soc 79, 6086 (1957).

Chloine is normally produced by the reaction of trimethylamine, ethylene oxide, and water. Its chloride can be produced by the reaction of trimethylene with chlorohydrin.

Flavouring Agent -> FLAVOURING_AGENT -> JECFA Functional Classes

Flavoring Agents -> JECFA Flavorings Index

Oil and Gas Drilling, Extraction, and Support activities

Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride (1:1): ACTIVE

A SELECTED FOOD ADDITIVE CLASSIFIED AS A NUTRIENT AND DIETARY SUPPLEMENT. /FROM TABLE/

QUALITATIVELY CHOLINE HAS THE SAME PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIONS AS DOES ACETYLCHOLINE, BUT IT IS FAR LESS ACTIVE. /CHOLINE/

SINCE HUMAN BREAST MILK CONTAINS 7 MG CHOLINE/100 KCAL, COMMITTEE ON NUTRITION OF AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICS (1976) RECOMMENDS THE FORTIFICATION OF INFANT FORMULAS TO THIS LEVEL. /CHOLINE/

CHOLINE IS NOT @ PRESENT AN OFFICIAL DRUG. HOWEVER, PREPN OF...CHOLINE CHLORIDE ARE AVAILABLE.