Cholinchlorid

Rodenticides

Active substance -> EU Pesticides database: Not approved

WHITE CRYSTALS

Deliquescent crystals

Very soluble (NTP, 1992)

Very sol in water and alcohol

Solubility in water: miscible

Soluble in water

Soluble (in ethanol)

577 to 581 °F (Decomposes) (NTP, 1992)

305 °C (decomposes)

305 °C

Choline chloride appears as white crystals. Practically neutral aqueous solution. (NTP, 1992)

Dry Powder; Liquid

WHITE HYGROSCOPIC CRYSTALS.

Colourless or white crystals, also in the form of white crystalline solid

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 53.5% (236 of 441) of all reports.

Warning

H315 (46%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

P261, P264, P264+P265, P271, P280, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P319, P321, P332+P317, P337+P317, P362+P364, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 441 reports by companies from 18 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Chemical: Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride

Directive (EC) No 46/2002

Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride (1:1) is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride (1:1) are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)

2004/129/EC

Status: Active Update: 20-09-2022 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/5360

Choline chloride: Does not have an individual approval but may be used under an appropriate group standard

This chemical is relatively nonflammable. (NTP, 1992)

Combustible. Gives off irritating or toxic fumes (or gases) in a fire.

Choline chloride used as a nutrient in food for human consumption is generally recognized as safe when used in accordance with good manufacturing practice.

Choline chloride used as a nutrient and/or dietary supplement in animal drugs, feeds, and related products is generally recognized as safe when used in accordance with good manufacturing or feeding practice.

National Academy of Sciences. Institute of Medicine. Food and Nutrition Board. Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline (1998). Available from: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/DRI//DRI_Thiamin/390-422_150.pdf as of February 28, 2008.

Choline chloride is a quaternary ammonium salt. Quaternary ammonium salts often serve as catalysts in reactions. They are incompatible with many strong oxidizers and reducing agents, such as metal hydrides, alkali/active metals, and organometallics.

To fight fires involving this chemical, you should be equipped with an air line or self-contained breathing apparatus. Extinguish with a dry chemical, carbon dioxide, foam or halon extinguisher. (NTP, 1992)

Use water spray, powder.

Fresh air, rest.

Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.

Rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible).

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: If you spill this chemical, you should dampen the solid spill material with water, then transfer the dampened material to a suitable container. Use absorbent paper dampened with water to pick up any remaining material. Seal your contaminated clothing and the absorbent paper in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Wash all contaminated surfaces with a strong soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

Repeated admin of choline chloride to female rats incr liver necrosis caused by carbon tetrachloride.

Lithium admin potentiates effect of exogenous choline on brain acetylcholine levels.

Toxic interaction between choline and morphine ... .

Methotrexate may diminish pools of all choline metabolites. Choline supplementation reverses fatty liver caused by methotrexate admin in rats. /Choline/

For more Interactions (Complete) data for CHOLINE CHLORIDE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The CIR Expert Panel concluded the following ingredients are safe in the present practices of use and concentration described in the safety assessment when formulated to be non-irritating...Choline Chloride..

Safe for use in cosmetics, with qualifications

The primary criterion used to est the Adequate Intake (AI) for choline is the prevention of liver damage as assessed by measuring serum levels of the liver enzyme alanine aminotransferase or ALT. ALT was formerly called and is still referred to as SGPT (serum glutamate pyrutate transaminase). /Choline/

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Single oral doses of 10 g produce no obvious pharmacodynamic response /Choline/

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Humans with and without cirrhosis have been treated with large doses of choline chloride (6 g/day for 4 weeks) with no resultant liver toxicity ...

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ At 7.5 g of choline daily, nausea, diarrhea and a small decr in blood pressure were reported in some patients. The upper limit (UL) for adults is 3.5 g daily. Individuals that may be at incr risk of side effects with choline intakes at the UL include those with trimethylaminuria, liver disease, renal disease, depression and Parkinson's disease. /Choline/

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ ...Fishy body odor, vomiting, salivation, sweating, and gastrointestinal effects ... were reported in patients with tardive dyskinesia and cerebellar ataxia treated with choline chloride at 150 and 220 mg/kg of body weight/day for 2 to 6 weeks (10 and 16 g/day, respectively) ...

For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for CHOLINE CHLORIDE (17 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Given orally 2.8 g/kg to rats increased caudate nucleus choline acetyltransferase activity 27% after 8 hr & 28% after 24 hr.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Acute toxicity of choline, esp by mouth, is relatively low (about 5 g/kg for rats)... /Choline/

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ In rats, large single doses caused 4-fold elevations in acetylcholine content of adrenal & this result was followed by incr in tyrosine hydroxylase.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ The synthesis of brain phosphatidylcholine may utilize three circulating precursors: choline; a pyrimidine (eg, uridine, converted via UTP to brain CTP); and a polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (eg, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)); phosphatidylethanolamine may utilize two of these, a pyrimidine and a PUFA. ... /It was/ observe that consuming these precursors can substantially increase membrane phosphatide and synaptic protein levels in gerbil brains. (Pyrimidine metabolism in gerbils, but not rats, resembles that in humans.) Animals received, daily for 4 weeks, a diet containing choline chloride and UMP (a uridine source) and/or DHA by gavage. Brain phosphatidylcholine rose by 13-22% with uridine and choline alone, or DHA alone, or by 45% with the combination, phosphatidylethanolamine and the other phosphatides increasing by 39-74%. Smaller elevations occurred after 1-3 weeks. The combination also increased the vesicular protein Synapsin-1 by 41%, the postsynaptic protein PSD-95 by 38% and the neurite neurofibrillar proteins NF-70 and NF-M by up to 102% and 48%, respectively. However, it had no effect on the cytoskeletal protein beta-tubulin. Hence, the quantity of synaptic membrane probably increased. The precursors act by enhancing the substrate saturation of enzymes that initiate their incorporation into phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine and by UTP-mediated activation of P2Y receptors. Alzheimer's disease brains contain fewer and smaller synapses and reduced levels of synaptic proteins, membrane phosphatides, choline and DHA. The three phosphatide precursors might thus be useful in treating this disease.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for CHOLINE CHLORIDE (12 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 31,203 workers (8,214 of these are female) are potentially exposed to choline chloride in the US(1). Occupational exposure to choline chloride may occur through inhalation of dust and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where choline chloride is produced or used(SRC).

/SRP:/ Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on the left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Poisons A and B/

/SRP:/ Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if needed. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Poisons A and B/

/SRP:/ Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Poisons A and B/

LD50 Rat ip 0.400 g/kg

LD50 Rat oral 6.64 g/kg

LD50 Rat oral 3400 mg/kg

LD50 Mouse oral 3900 mg/kg

LD50 Mouse ip 320 mg/kg

Choline chloride used as a nutrient in food for human consumption is generally recognized as safe when used in accordance with good manufacturing practice.

Choline chloride used as a nutrient and/or dietary supplement in animal drugs, feeds, and related products is generally recognized as safe when used in accordance with good manufacturing or feeding practice.

Deficiency state is really one of available methyl groups, & consequently can only be produced as a result of combined deficiency of choline & other methyl donors. In animals, amt of choline needed is affected by growth rate, age, quantity of dietary fat, & quality of dietary protein... /Choline/

...accumulation of fat in liver, followed by cirrhosis... hemorrhagic renal lesions & motor incoordination from nerve degeneration... observed. ...damage to fetus, including atrophy of thymus, when pregnant rat is fed diet with marginal contents of choline... none...identified in man... /Choline/

The 3 major metabolic functions of choline are as a precursor for phosphatidylcholine biosynth, as a precursor for acetylcholine biosynth and as methyl donor. In addition to serving as a precursor for phosphatidylcholine, choline is the precursor of the phospholipid sphingomyelin. Phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin are structural components of biological membranes. These phospholipids also serve as precursors for the intracellular messengers ceraminde and diacylglycerol. Choline is also the precursor of the signaling lipids, platelet-activating factor (PAF) and sphingosylphosphoryl-choline ... Choline is important for normal cellular membrane composition and repair, normal brain function and normal cardiovascular function ... /Choline/

... As the major precursor of betaine, /choline/ is used by the kidney to maintain water balance and by the liver as a source of methyl groups for the removal of homocysteine in methionine formation. Moreover, choline is used to produce the important neurotransmitter (nerve messenger chemical) acetylcholine, which is involved in memory and other nervous system functions ... In humans, dietary deficiency of choline is associated with fatty liver and liver damage. /Choline/

For more Bionecessity (Complete) data for CHOLINE CHLORIDE (16 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Choline has several roles in body. It is an important component of phospholipids, affects mobilization of fat from liver (lipotropic action), acts as methyl donor, & is essential for formation of neurotransmitter acetylcholine. /Choline/

Several mechanisms are suggested for the cancer-promoting effect of a choline-devoid diet. These incl incr cell proliferation related to regeneration after parenchymal cell death occurs in the choline deficient liver, hypomethylation of DNA (alters expression of genes), reactive oxygen species leakage from mitochondria with incr lipid peroxidation in liver, activation of protein kinase C signaling due to accumulation of diacylglycerol in liver, mutation of the fragile histidine triad (FHIT) gene, which is a tumor suppressor gene, and defective cell-suicide (apoptosis) mechanisms. Loss of phposphatidylethanolamine N-methyl-transferase (PEMT) function may also contribute to malignant transformation of hepatocytes. /Choline/

Acetylcholine is one of the most important neurotransmitters used by neurons in the memory centers of the brain (hippocampus and septum). Choline accelerates the synth and release of acetylcholine in nerve cells. /Choline/

Female Sprague-Dawley rats received approximately 300 mg/kg per day of choline chloride through their drinking water on days 11 of pregnancy through birth and the level of nerve growth factor (NGF) in the hippocampus and frontal cortex of their male offspring was measured at 20 and 90 days of age. Prenatal choline supplementation caused significant increases in hippocampal NGF levels at 20 and 90 days of age, while levels of NGF in the frontal cortex were elevated in choline-supplemented rats at 20 days of age, but not 90 days of age. These results suggest that increases in NGF levels during development or adulthood may be one mechanism underlying improvements in spatial and temporal memory of adult rats exposed to elevated levels of choline chloride perinatally.

Free choline is not fully absorbed, especially after large doses, & intestinal bacteria metabolize choline to trimethylamine. /Choline/

/The/ ability to form choline /de novo via the methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine using S-adenosylmethionine as the methyl donor, mostly in the liver,/ means that some of the demand for choline can ... be met using methyl groups derived from 1-carbon metabolism (via methyl-folate and methionine). Several vitamins (folate, vitamin B12, vitamin B6, and riboflavin) and the amino acid methionine interact with choline in 1-carbon metabolism ... Methionine, methyl-tetrahydrofolate (THF), and choline can be fungible sources of methyl groups. /Choline/

Before choline can be absorbed in the gut, some is metabolized by bacteria to form betaine and methylamines (which are not methyl donors) ... Although some free choline is excreted with urine, most is oxidized in the kidney to form betaine ... /Choline/

Acetylcholine is one of the most important neurotransmitters used by neurons in the memory centers of the brain (hippocampus and septum). Choline accelerates the synth and release of acetylcholine in nerve cells. Choline used by brain neurons is largely derived from membrane lecithin /(phosphatidylcholine)/, or from dietary intake of choline and lecithin ... Choline derived from lecithin may be especially important when extracellular choline is in short supply, as might be expected to occur in advanced age because of decr brain choline uptake ... /Choline/

For more Metabolism/Metabolites (Complete) data for CHOLINE CHLORIDE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Endogenous factors or drugs that increase the transport and metabolism of LIPIDS including the synthesis of LIPOPROTEINS by the LIVER and their uptake by extrahepatic tissues.

Drugs used to specifically facilitate learning or memory, particularly to prevent the cognitive deficits associated with dementias. These drugs act by a variety of mechanisms.

A study of choline pharmacokinetics was undertaken in four patients receiving long-term total parenteral nutrition. On consecutive days, 7, 14, 28, and 56 mmol choline chloride were intravenously infused over a 12-hour period in each subject. The choline concentration was determined in plasma at baseline, 1/4, 1, 3, 6, and 12 hours, and 3 and 12 hours after the infusion ended, and in daily 24-hour urine collections. Analysis of variance showed the data fit a two-compartment model in which elimination from the central compartment was saturable significantly better than a one-compartment model in all four subjects (p < 10-8 in all cases), and significantly better than a nonsaturating model in three of the four subjects (p = 1.0 x 10-9, 7.5 x 10-6, 9.4 x 10-11, respectively). The model allowed estimates of the rate constant for choline elimination at ambient levels, first-order rate constants for transfer between central and peripheral compartments, the dissociation constant for the saturable elimination process, the apparent volume of distribution in the central compartment, the steady-state volume of distribution, and the quantities of choline in the central compartment and in the readily exchangeable pool.

Choline chloride, a strong base, was surprisingly well absorbed at pH 7, but absorption was less at lower ph values.

Choline is absorbed from diet as such or as lecithin. Latter is hydrolyzed by intestinal mucosa to glycerophosphoryl choline, which either passes to liver to liberate choline or to peripheral tissues via intestinal lymphatics. /Choline/

Choline chloride (1-2 g, 4 times daily, increasing every 2 days, reaching max of 2-5 g 4 times daily, orally) dose-dependently incr serum choline levels in patients with Huntington's Disease, & incr cerebrospinal fluid choline levels not related to serum levels.

For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for CHOLINE CHLORIDE (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

CIR ingredient: Choline Chloride

Therap cat: lipotropic

Therap cat (vet): Nutritional factor. Dietary source of choline (lipotropic factor) in poultry.

MEDICATION

MEDICATION (VET)

MEDICATION (VET): Animal feed additive derived from agricultural waste or made synthetically. Available as 50% dry feed-grade & 70% soln.

(1972) NEGLIGIBLE

(1975) No Data

(1972) No Data

(1975) No Data

2023: 5,000,000 - <10,000,000 lb

(1972) 2.47X10+10 GRAMS (MED & TECH GRADE)

(1975) 1.76X10+10 GRAMS (ALL GRADES)

Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride is listed as a High Production Volume (HPV) chemical (65FR81686). Chemicals listed as HPV were produced in or imported into the U.S. in >1 million pounds in 1990 and/or 1994. The HPV list is based on the 1990 Inventory Update Rule. (IUR) (40 CFR part 710 subpart B; 51FR21438).

Production volumes for non-confidential chemicals reported under the Inventory Update Rule. [Table#2627]

REACTION OF TRIMETHYLAMINE AND CONCENTRATED HYDROCHLORIC ACID, FOLLOWED BY TREATMENT WITH ETHYLENE OXIDE UNDER PRESSURE

Klein, Kapp, US patent 2,623,901 (1952 to Nopco Chemical). Polymorphism: Collin, J Am Chem Soc 79, 6086 (1957).

Chloine is normally produced by the reaction of trimethylamine, ethylene oxide, and water. Its chloride can be produced by the reaction of trimethylene with chlorohydrin.

Flavouring Agent -> FLAVOURING_AGENT -> JECFA Functional Classes

Flavoring Agents -> JECFA Flavorings Index

Oil and Gas Drilling, Extraction, and Support activities

Ethanaminium, 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, chloride (1:1): ACTIVE

A SELECTED FOOD ADDITIVE CLASSIFIED AS A NUTRIENT AND DIETARY SUPPLEMENT. /FROM TABLE/

QUALITATIVELY CHOLINE HAS THE SAME PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIONS AS DOES ACETYLCHOLINE, BUT IT IS FAR LESS ACTIVE. /CHOLINE/

SINCE HUMAN BREAST MILK CONTAINS 7 MG CHOLINE/100 KCAL, COMMITTEE ON NUTRITION OF AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICS (1976) RECOMMENDS THE FORTIFICATION OF INFANT FORMULAS TO THIS LEVEL. /CHOLINE/

CHOLINE IS NOT @ PRESENT AN OFFICIAL DRUG. HOWEVER, PREPN OF...CHOLINE CHLORIDE ARE AVAILABLE.