1-Chloroanthraquinone

TERRESTRIAL FATE: An estimated Koc value of 3500(1,SRC), based on an estimated log Kow of 3.99(2,SRC) suggests that 1-chloroanthraquinone will have only slight mobility in soil(SRC), based upon a recommended classification scheme(3). Under reducing conditions, this compound has been shown to form the chloroanthrone with measured half-lives of <0.4 to 2.4 daysin sediments(4) and this may also occur in soils(SRC). Incomplete information is available regarding the biodegradation potential of 1-chloroanthraquinone; however, this compound was resistant to biodegradation under aerobic conditions using an activated sludge inoculum; only 2.8% of the theoretical BOD was reported following 2 weeks incubation(5). 1-Chloroanthraquinone is not expected to volatilize from moist soil surfaces based on an estimated Henry's Law constant of 2.4X10-9 atm-cu m/mole(6,SRC).

AQUATIC FATE: Based upon an estimated Koc value of 3500(SRC) from an estimated log Kow(2,SRC), 1-chloroanthraquinone may adsorb to suspended solids and sediments(SRC) based upon a recommended classification scheme(1). In anoxic sediments, 1-chloroanthraquinone has been shown to quickly reduce resulting in the formation of an unspecified chloroanthrone(4). Half-lives of <0.4 to 2.4 days are reported for this compound dependent on the source of the sediment(4). An estimated BCF value of 630(3,SRC), based on an estimated log Kow(2,SRC) and measured BCF values of 118-351 in carp(5) indicate that 1-chloroanthraquinone may bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms(SRC). Incomplete information is available regarding the biodegradation potential of 1-chloroanthraquinone; however, this compound was resistant to biodegradation under aerobic conditions using an activated sludge inoculum; only 2.8% of theoretical BOD was reported following 2 weeks incubation(5). 1-Chloroanthraquinone is not expected to volatilize from water surfaces based on an estimated Henry's Law constant of 2.2X10-12 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant method(6).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: Based on an estimated vapor pressure value of 8.74X10-7 mm Hg at 25 °C(1,SRC), 1-chloroanthraquinone will exist in both the vapor phase and the particulate phase in the ambient atmosphere(2,SRC). 1-Chloroanthraquinone will degrade fairly rapidly in the vapor phase by reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals with an estimated half-life of about 13 days(3,SRC). Particulate phase 1-chloroanthraquinone may be physically removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC).

Based on an estimated log Kow of 3.99(1,SRC), the Koc of 1-chloroanthraquinone is estimated as approximately 3500(SRC) using a regression-derived equation(2). According to a suggested classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that 1-chloroanthraquinone will have only slight mobility in soil(SRC).

CAUTION: LOW SYSTEMIC TOXICITY, BUT MAY CAUSE SKIN IRRITATION, SENSITIZATION. /ANTHRAQUINONE/

Chronic neurotoxic effects include vision disturbances. /From table; Quinones/

WASTE WATERS FROM ALPHA-DISULFATION OF ANTHRAQUINONE, WHICH CONTAIN ANTHRAQUINONESULFONIC ACIDS, ARE TREATED TO FORM HALOANTHRAQUINONES.

1-Chloroanthraquinone's production and subsequent use as an intermediate in the production of dyes, including Disperse Red 9, Disperse Red 22, Vat Brown 1, Vat Brown 44, Vat Yellow 28(1), may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

Experimental BCF values of 118-351 were measured using carp(1). An estimated BCF value of 630 was calculated for 1-chloroanthraquinone(SRC), using an estimated log Kow of 3.99(2,SRC) and a recommended regression-derived equation(3). These BCF values suggest that 1-chloroanthraquinone may bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms(SRC).

...MICE...UNHARMED BY SINGLE ORAL DOSES OF 5,000 MG/KG. /ANTHRAQUINONE/

ANTHRAQUINONE...HAS BEEN NOTED ONLY IN EXPTL ANIMAL EYES TO CAUSE IRRITATION & INFLAMMATION WHEN APPLIED TO THE EYE. ...IT IS POSSIBLE THAT IRRITATION IS DUE TO MECH ACTION OF POWDER RATHER THAN TO TOXIC EFFECT... /ANTHRAQUINONE/

Anthraquinones (incl 1-chloroanthraquinone) admin orally at 100-200 mg/kg to mice and at 200-400 mg/kg to rats were effective laxatives. Anthraquinones were weak laxatives in mice. In the range tested (100-400 mg/kg), the cmpd were not toxic in rats and mice.

Acute neurotoxic effects reported in animals include convulsions; medullary paralysis. /From table; Quinones/

The rate constant for the vapor phase reaction of 1-chloroanthraquinone with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 1.3X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). The half-life of 1-chloroanthraquinone is approximately 13 days based on a concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1,SRC). 1-Chloroanthraquinone, added to lake bottom sediments, resulted in the formation of a chlorine containing anthrone(2). 1-Chloroanthraquinone had measured first-order rate constants of 1.2X10-2 to 6.5X10-2/hr giving half-lives from <0.4 to 2.4 days for this anoxic sediment-water system(2).

1-Chloroanthraquinone's production and subsequent use as an intermediate in the production of dyes may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. 1-Chloroanthraquinone may also be introduced directly to the environment as a product of the treatment of waste waters from the alpha-disulfation of anthraquinone. If released to the atmosphere, 1-chloroanthraquinone should exist in both the vapor phase and the particulate phase based on an estimated vapor pressure of 8.7X10-7 mm Hg. In the vapor phase, 1-chloroanthraquinone will react with hydroxyl radicals with an estimated half-life of about 13 days. Particulate phase 1-chloroanthraquinone may be physically removed from the atmosphere by wet and dry deposition. An estimated Koc of 3500 suggests that 1-chloroanthraquinone will have only slight mobility in soil. It is not expected to volatilize from moist soil surfaces given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 2.4X10-9 atm-cu m/mol. Incomplete information is available regarding the biodegradation potential of 1-chloroanthraquinone; however, this compound was resistant to biodegradation under aerobic conditions using an activated sludge inoculum; only 2.8% BOD was reported following 2 weeks incubation. In water, 1-chloroanthraquinone is expected to adsorb to organic matter and suspended solids in the water column based on its Koc value. In reducing sediments, this compound will rapidly form the chloroanthrone with measured half-lives for the parent compound of <0.4 to 2.4 days. 1-Chloroanthraquinone may bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms; BCF values of 118-351 were measured in carp, an estimated BCF value of 630 was calculated using an estimated log Kow. (SRC)