2-ピコリン

Fire Extinguishing Agents Not to Be Used: Water may be ineffective.

Use water spray, powder, alcohol-resistant foam, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting. Refer for medical attention .

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

To fight fire, use carbon dioxide, dry chemical.

If material on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Solid streams of water may be ineffective. Cool all affected containers with flood quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use "alcohol" foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide. /Picolines/

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U191, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.

A potential candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids. A potential candidate for liquid injection incineration at a temperature range of 650 to 1,600 °C and a residence time of 0.1 to 2 seconds. A potential candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids.

Personal protection: chemical protection suit including self-contained breathing apparatus. Collect leaking and spilled liquid in sealable containers as far as possible. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses by industrial workers is inconsistent. The benefits or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

If material not on fire and not involved in fire: Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away. Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary. Attempt to stop leak if without undue personnel hazard. Use water spray to disperse vapors and dilute standing pools of liquid. /Picolines/

Personnel protection: Avoid breathing vapors. Keep upwind. Avoid bodily contact with the material. Do not handle broken packages unless wearing appropriate personal protective equipment. ... Wash away any material which may have contacted the body with copious amounts of water or soap and water. ... If contact with material anticipated, wear appropriate chemical protective clothing. /Picolines/

LC50; Species: Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow); Conditions: flow-through bioassay with measured concentrations, 25.6 °C, dissolved oxygen 7.0 mg/L, hardness 46.0 mg/L CaCO3, alkalinity 309 mg/L CaCO3, and pH 7.88; Concentration: 897 mg/L for 96 hr (confidence limit not reliable)

EC50; Species: Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow); Conditions: flow-through bioassay with measured concentrations, 25.6 °C, dissolved oxygen 7.0 mg/L, hardness 46.0 mg/L CaCO3, alkalinity 309 mg/L CaCO3, and pH 7.88; Concentration: 772 mg/L for 96 hr (confidence limit: 704-846 mg/L); Effect: loss of equilibrium

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values ranging from 4 to 215, determined from sorption studies using 5 Eurosoil reference soils(2), indicate that 2-methylpyridine is expected to have very high to moderate mobility in soil(SRC). The pKa of 2-methylpyridine is 5.96(3), indicating that this compound will exist partially in cation form in the environment and cations generally adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(4). In the Eurosoil tests, lowest adsorption occurred when 2-methylpyridine was in non-ionized form(2). Volatilization of the neutral species of 2-methylpyridine from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 9.96X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(5). 2-Methylpyridine is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 11.2 mm Hg at 25 °C(6). Results of various biodegradation studies indicate that 2-methylpyridine generally biodegrades readily under aerobic conditions, but biodegradation occurs much slower under anaerobic ocnditions(7). In one aerobic soil study, 97.3% biodegradation of 2-methylpyridine occurred when incubated in a silt loam soil for 16 days(8). 2-Methylpyridine was completely biodegraded in 2 weeks in an aerobic surface soil while in anaerobic surface soil only 10% biodegradation was reported in 3 months(9).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values ranging from 4 to 215, determined from sorption studies using 5 Eurosoil reference soils(2), indicate that 2-methylpyridine is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 9.96X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 4 and 30 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 3(SRC), from its log Kow of 1.11(6) and a regression-derived equation(7), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Low bioconcentration was reported for BCF tests using carp (Cyprinus carpio)(8). Results of various biodegradation studies indicate that 2-methylpyridine generally biodegrades readily under aerobic conditions, but biodegradation occurs much slower under anaerobic ocnditions(9). 2-Methylpyridine was completely biodegraded in 4 days in aerobic groundwater(10). In sulfidogenic estuarine sediments, 2-methylpyridine was not biodegraded over a 100-day period(11). 2-Methylpyridine is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(3). The UV absorption spectrum of 2-methylpyridine in aqueous solution shows no absorption >290 nm(12); therefore, 2-methylpyridine is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 2-methylpyridine, which has a vapor pressure of 11.2 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 2-methylpyridine is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 6 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 2.79X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). The UV absorption spectrum of 2-methylpyridine in aqueous solution shows no absorption >290 nm(4); therefore, 2-methylpyridine is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

2-Methylpyridine has been identified as a volatile flavor compound in fried bacon(1), boiled beef(2), fried chicken(3) and frankfurters(4). 2-Methylpyridine has also been detected in coffee aroma(5) and identified as an aroma compound in the earth almond(6). Concentrations of 2-methylpyridine in 3 commercial fermented soybean curds from Hong Kong were 25.8, 17.2, and 99.7 ug/kg(7).

Occupational hepatotoxin - Secondary hepatotoxins: the potential for toxic effect in the occupational setting is based on cases of poisoning by human ingestion or animal experimentation.

Neurotoxin - Other CNS neurotoxin

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: 2-Methylpyridine is a colorless liquid with a strong unpleasant odor. It is used as organic intermediate for rubber and dye chemicals, solvent, laboratory reagent. 2-Methylpyridine is a chemical intermediate for the synthesis of: 2-amino-6-methylpyridine; betahistine; bis-acodyl; clopyralid; 2-methylpiperidine; perhexiline; picloram; picolinic acid; thioridazine; 2-vinylpyridine. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: 2-Methylpyridine causes local irritation on contact with the skin, mucous membranes and cornea. Clinical signs of intoxication caused by the methylpyridines include weight loss, diarrhea, weakness, ataxia and unconsciousness as well as CNS depression, headache, giddiness and vomiting. Chronic exposure to methylpyridine results in anemia and ocular and facial paralysis in addition to the previously mentioned symptoms. It has been alleged that the workmen exposed to picoline vapors may develop diplopia as a result of disturbance of the eye muscles. ANIMAL STUDIES: Eye and skin irritant in rabbits. Chronic administration to rats decreased glycogen level and increased glucose and lactic acid levels in liver of rats throughout most of the study. In developmental study in rats structure and composition of the liver and the structure andgrowth pattern of the skin were disrupted in the offspring. 2-Methylpyridine affected electrophysiological parameters in rats. Ames test with and without metabolic activation in Salmonella typhimurium TA98, TA100, TA97, TA102, 10-5000 ug/plate was negative.

Cough. Dizziness. Drowsiness. Headache. Nausea. Sore throat. Unconsciousness. Weakness.

MAY BE ABSORBED! Dry skin. Redness. Burning sensation. Pain. Blisters. Further see Inhalation.

Redness. Pain. Blurred vision. Severe deep burns.

Abdominal pain. Burning sensation. Diarrhoea. Vomiting. Further see Inhalation.

2-Methylpyridine has been identified in effluents from the following industries: timber products, organic chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and public owned treatment works(3). 2-Methylpyridine is contained in shale oil wastewater (5 ppm) and would be released to the atmosphere if the wastewater were heated as it would be when used to cool hot, retorted oil shale(1,5). It was also found in the effluents from an advanced publically-owned water treatment facility in Pomona, CA(2). Wastewater from coal gasification contained an estimated 3.71 ppm of 2-methylpyridine(4). 2-Methylpyridine has been detected at a mean concentration of 5.0 mg/L from 10 samples of low temperature carbonization wastewater from waste ammonia liquor(6).

The sorption behavior of 2-methylpyridine was studied in soil column tests using 5 Eurosoil reference soils having organic carbon content ranging from 0.33-1.85% and pH ranging from 5.2-8.6(1); measured Kd values ranging from 0.08 to 6.52(1) correspond to calculated Koc values of 4, 38, 70, 100 and 215(SRC); the lowest Koc value of 4 corresponds to Eurosoil 2 which had the highest pH value(8.6). The pKa of 2-methylpyridine is 5.96(2), indicating that this compound will exist partially in cation form in the environment and cations generally adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(3). In the Eurosoil column tests(1), lowest adsorption occurred when 2-methylpyridine was in non-ionized form(1). Sorption of 2-methylpyridine to soil is primarily controlled by cation exchange and surface complex formation(1,4). According to a classification scheme(5), the Koc values suggest that 2-methylpyridine is expected to have very high to moderate mobility in soil.

Spectral studies of 2-methylpyridine adsorbed to hydrated and dehydrated silica indicate that hydrogen bonding occurs with silica surface silanols via the nitrogen atom on the pyridine ring and that this interaction is stronger than that between this compound and water(1). 2-Methylpyridine emerged under 2 soil column void volumes; soil columns were packed with soil cores from Rock Springs, WY to the original 1016 mm depth and shale-oil process water was used as the mobile phase(2); the pH and clay content of the soil were not specified(2); this indicates that soil is an effective adsorbent when less than this void volume of retort water is applied (as in small spills)(2); rainfall leaching after a spill will also probably enhance solute migration(2). When 2-methylpyridine was incubated at 28 °C in a soil inoculum, 4.8% was sorbed by soil(3).

Acute toxicity was evaluated in groups of male Sprague-Dawley rats (4 groups of 10 animals each) ingesting a single dose of A-picoline via gavage at doses of 950, 790, 550 and 0 mg/kg. In the group given 950 mg/kg there was significantly increased mortality, (4 of 10 rats died), the remaining 6 rats showed decreased body weight gain, and 2 of the 6 also showed signs of encephalomalacia. Doses of 0 to 750 mg/kg had no significant toxic effects on test animals.

Subchronic toxicity was evaluated in groups of male and female Sprague- Dawley rats (10/sex/concn level) exposed to A-picoline via inhalation in glass exposure chambers at nominal concentrations of 0, 5, 35 or 100 ppm, 5 days/week for 6 months, beginning at age 8 weeks. In male rats given 5 and 100 ppm there was significantly increased relative heart and liver weights. A statistically significant decrease in the red blood cell count was observed in both male and female rats exposed to the higher concentration of A-picoline (but this effect was not reproducible). Other parameters of clinical chemistry, urinalysis, and organ weights and histopathology were not consistently affected by the treatment.

INDOOR: A mean concentration of 0.07 ug/cu m 2-methylpyridine was reported in samples of air taken from non-smoking homes in Columbus, OH over one week in February 1991 (n=24; range=0.00 to 0.67 ug/cu m); in smoking homes, a mean concentration of 0.45 ug/cu 2-methylpyridine was reported (n=25; range=0.00 to 1.55 ug/cu m)(1).

SOURCE DOMINATED: Indoor and outdoor air in and near the shale oil wastewater treatment facility of Occidental Oil Shale Inc at the Logan Wash site, CO contained 7 and 28 ug/cu m of 2-methylpyridine, respectively(1). Rural air in an undeveloped area of the oil shale region as well as urban air (Boulder, CO) contained no 2-methylpyridine(1). The average daily ambient concentration for 2-methylpyridine based on 3 data points is 0.613 ppbv(2).

U191; As stipulated in 40 CFR 261.33, when 2-methylpyridine, as a commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product or a manufacturing chemical intermediate, becomes a waste, it must be managed according to Federal and/or State hazardous waste regulations. Also defined as a hazardous waste is any residue, contaminated soil, water, or other debris resulting from the cleanup of a spill, into water or on dry land, of this waste. Generators of small quantities of this waste may qualify for partial exclusion from hazardous waste regulations (40 CFR 261.5).

Pursuant to section 8(d) of TSCA, EPA promulgated a model Health and Safety Data Reporting Rule. The section 8(d) model rule requires manufacturers, importers, and processors of listed chemical substances and mixtures to submit to EPA copies and lists of unpublished health and safety studies. 2-Methylpyridine is included on this list. Effective date: 09/10/84; Sunset date: 09/10/94.

Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 5000 lb or 2270 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b).