1,2,3-Trichloropropane

Pesticide -> EPA IRIS

Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) (Pesticide/Volatile Organic Compound (VOC))

log Kow = 2.27

2.27

Odor described as being quite similar to that of trichloroethylene or chloroform

Chloroform-like odor

1.3889 at 68 °F (USCG, 1999) - Denser than water; will sink

1.3889 g/cu cm at 20 °C

Relative density (water = 1): 1.39

1.39

1.3889 @ 20°C

1.39

1 to 5 mg/mL at 75 °F (NTP, 1992)

In water, 1750 mg/L at 25 °C

Slightly soluble in carbon tetrachloride; soluble in ethanol, ethyl ether; very soluble in chloroform

Dissolves oils, fats, waxes, chlorinated rubber, and numerous resins.

Solubility in water, g/100ml: 0.18 (very poor)

0.1%

180 °F (NTP, 1992)

180 °F

74 °C (165 °F) - closed cup

180 °F (82.2 °C) (Open Cup)

160-164 °F (Closed cup)

180 °F (open cup)

313 °F at 760 mmHg (NTP, 1992)

158 °C

156 °C

314 °F

157 °C @760 [mm Hg]

314 °F

Danger

H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]

P203, P261, P264, P270, P271, P280, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P317, P318, P321, P330, P362+P364, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Danger

H301+H311+H331 (13.4%): Toxic if swallowed, in contact with skin or if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, oral; acute toxicity, dermal; acute toxicity, inhalation]

P203, P260, P261, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P316, P301+P317, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P316, P317, P318, P319, P321, P330, P337+P317, P361+P364, P362+P364, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Chemical: Propane, 1,2,3-trichloro-

Hazard Traits - Carcinogenicity; Hepatotoxicity and Digestive System Toxicity; Reproductive Toxicity

Propane, 1,2,3-trichloro- is listed on the EPA's Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) system. Manufacturers and importers of Propane, 1,2,3-trichloro- are required to report information about their production and use of this chemical to the EPA under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). (40 eCFR Part 711)

Status: Active Update: 11-05-2023 https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/14307

Substance: 1,2,3-trichloropropane

Glycerol trichlorohydrin: HSNO Approval: HSR003096 Approved with controls

Special Hazards of Combustion Products: Highly toxic chloride fumes including hydrochloric acid.

Combustible. Gives off irritating or toxic fumes (or gases) in a fire. Above 73 °C explosive vapour/air mixtures may be formed. Risk of fire and explosion on contact with metals.

Moderately flammable by heat, flames (sparks), or powerful oxidizers.

This chemical is a combustible liquid.

Inhalation of vapor causes anesthesia, dizziness, and nausea. Vapor is highly irritating by inhalation routes and moderately irritating by dermal routes. Exposure of eyes to vapor may result in slight, transient injury to the cornea. (USCG, 1999)

1,2,3-Trichloropropane is a synthetic chemical that is also known as allyl trichloride, glycerol trichlorohydrin, and trichlorohydrin. It is a colorless, heavy liquid with a sweet but strong odor. It evaporates very quickly and small amounts dissolve in water. It is mainly used to make other chemicals. Some of it is also used as an industrial solvent, paint and varnish remover, and cleaning and degreasing agent. Very little information is available on the amounts manufactured and the specific uses.

Mice have hepatic damage and die after exposure to 5000 ppm for 20 minutes. Rats and guinea pigs have CNS depression after exposures to 800, 2100, or 5000 ppm for 30 minutes. Workers complained of unpleasant odor and irritation of the eyes and throat at 100 ppm. TLV Basis is cancer. [ACGIH] A skin, eye, and respiratory tract irritant; May cause liver and kidney injury; Inhalation of high concentrations can cause CNS depression; [ICSC]

The major hazards encountered in the use and handling of 1,2,3-trichloropropane stem from its toxicologic properties. Toxic by inhalation and dermal contact, exposure to this colorless to straw colored acrid smelling liquid may occur from its use as a crosslinking agent in the synthesis of polysulfides, in the synthesis of hexafluoropropylene, as a paint and varnish remover, solvent and degreasing agent. Effects from exposure may include eye and throat irritation. The ACGIH TLV has been set at a TWA of 10 ppm. OSHA has set a PEL of 10 ppm (TWA) to become effective December 31, 1992. Local exhaust ventilation should be used to control exposure. However, in activities where over exposure may occur, wear a self-contained breathing apparatus and personal protective clothing, including gloves, boots and bands around the legs and arms, so that no skin surface is exposed. If contact should occur, wash immediately with soap and remove nonimpervious clothing if contaminated. 1,2,3-Trichloropropane must be moderately heated before ignition will occur (flashpoint: 180 °F open cup). For fires involving 1,2,3-trichloropropane, extinguish with dry chemical, or water (as a blanket, spray, or mist). 1,2,3-Trichloropropane should be stored in a cool, well ventilated place, out of direct rays of the sun, and away from flames, sparks, active metals, strong caustics, and strong oxidizers. For spills of 1,2,3-trichloropropane, first ventilate the area, then absorb the spill with vermiculite, dry sand, or earth, and collect for reclamation disposal, or incineration. Before implementing land disposal of waste 1,2,3-trichloropropane, consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance.

DHHS/ATSDR; Toxicological Profile for 1,2,3-Trichloropropane TP-91/28 (1992). The ATSDR toxicological profile identifies and reviews the key literature that describes a hazardous substance's toxicologic properties. Other pertinent literature is presented in less detail.

DHHS/ATSDR; Addendum to the Toxicological Profile for 1,2,3-Trichloropropane (2011). The ATSDR toxicological profile identifies and reviews the key literature that describes a hazardous substance's toxicologic properties. Other pertinent literature is presented in less detail.

DHHS/NTP; Toxicology & Carcinogenesis Studies of 1,2,3-Trichloropropane in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Gavage Studies) Technical Report Series No. 384 (1993) NIH Publication No. 94-2839

International Programme on Chemical Safety's Concise International Chemical Assessment Documents Number 56: 1,2,3-Trichloropropane. CICADs are concise documents that provide summaries of the relevant scientific information concerning the potential effects of chemicals upon human health and/or the environment.

For more Special Reports (Complete) data for 1,2,3-TRICHLOROPROPANE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Section 8(a) of TSCA requires manufacturers of this chemical substance to report preliminary assessment information concerned with production, exposure, and use to EPA as cited in the preamble in 51 FR 41329. Effective date: 8/4/95; Reporting date: 10/3/95.

Pursuant to section 8(d) of TSCA, EPA promulgated a model Health and Safety Data Reporting Rule. The section 8(d) model rule requires manufacturers, importers, and processors of listed chemical substances and mixtures to submit to EPA copies and lists of unpublished health and safety studies. Propane, 1,2,3-trichloro is included on this list. Effective date 6/1/87; Sunset date: 6/1/97.

Fire Extinguishing Agents: Water; foam; carbon dioxide; dry chemical (USCG, 1999)

Use water spray, powder, alcohol-resistant foam, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.

Fresh air, rest. Refer immediately for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower. Refer for medical attention if skin irritation occurs.

Rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible). Refer for medical attention.

Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting. Give one or two glasses of water to drink. Refer immediately for medical attention.

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

(General first aid procedures)

Vapors are heavier than air and will collect in low areas. Vapors may travel long distances to ignition sources and flashback. Vapors in confined areas may explode when exposed to fire. Containers may explode in fire. Storage containers and parts of containers may rocket great distances, in many directions.

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Advice for firefighters: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.

Use water spray to cool unopened containers.

Use dry chemical, carbon dioxide, alcohol foam, or polymer foam extinguishers.

For more Fire Fighting Procedures (Complete) data for 1,2,3-TRICHLOROPROPANE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage. Storage class (TRGS 510): Non-combustible, acute toxic Cat.3 / toxic hazardous materials or hazardous materials causing chronic effects

Store in a secure location. ... Before entering a confined space where this chemical may be present, check to make sure that an explosive concentration does not exist. Store in a refrigerator or a cool, dry place and keep away from chemically active metals, oxidizers, strong caustics. Where possible, automatically pump liquid from drums or other storage containers to process containers. Sources of ignition, such as smoking and open flames, are prohibited where this chemical is handled, used, or stored.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Wear respiratory protection. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Remove all sources of ignition. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Beware of vapors accumulating to form explosive concentrations. Vapors can accumulate in low areas; Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided; Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Contain spillage, and then collect with an electrically protected vacuum cleaner or by wet-brushing and place in container for disposal according to local regulations. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a POTW is acceptable only after review by the governing authority. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must meet Hazardous Material Criteria for disposal.

Evacuate and restrict persons not wearing protective equipment from area of spill or leak until cleanup is complete. Remove all ignition sources. Establish forced ventilation to keep levels below explosive limit. Absorb liquids in vermiculite, dry sand, earth, peat, carbon, or a similar material and deposit in sealed containers. Keep this chemical out of a confined space, such as a sewer, because of the possibility of an explosion, unless the sewer is designed to prevent the buildup of explosive concentrations. It may be necessary to contain and dispose of this chemical as a hazardous waste. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters.

Collect leaking and spilled liquid in sealable containers as far as possible. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent and remove to safe place. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment.

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: If you spill this chemical, FIRST REMOVE ALL SOURCES OF IGNITION. Then, use absorbent paper to pick up all liquid spill material. Your contaminated clothing and absorbent paper should be sealed in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Solvent wash all contaminated surfaces with 60-70% ethanol followed by washing with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.

Product: This combustible material may be burned in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber. Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for 1,2,3-TRICHLOROPROPANE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Personal protection: filter respirator for organic gases and vapours adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Collect leaking liquid in sealable containers. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Precautions for safe handling: Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid inhalation of vapor or mist. Keep away from sources of ignition - No smoking. Take measures to prevent the build up of electrostatic charge.

Appropriate engineering controls: Avoid contact with skin, eyes and clothing. Wash hands before breaks and immediately after handling the product.

Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses by industrial workers is inconsistent. The benefits or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for 1,2,3-TRICHLOROPROPANE (28 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Gastrointestinal

[in animals: forestomach, liver & mammary gland cancer]

Continuous inhalation of triple mixtures of 4.5-68 mg 1,2-dichloropropylene plus 2.0-270 mg 1,2,3-trichloropropane plus 3.5-1200 mg perchloroethylene/cu m for 7-86 days exerted an additive pathologic effect on rats. High concentration of the mixtures and their single components stimulated desquamation and proliferation in the lungs and stimulated the macrophagal system. Hepatocyte dystrophy, associated with a decrease in the RNA level and inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase, NAD diaphorase, and NADP diaphorase, occurred in the central portions of the lobes.

Concurrent 4 hr inhalation exposure of male CD1 rats to 1,2,3-trichloropropane @ 500 ppm and 1,2-dichloropropane @ 1,000 ppm resulted in additive increases in SGOT and ornithine carbamyl transferase. By 48 hr after exposure, the increases were significantly less than additive.

Cardiovascular (Heart and Blood Vessels), Hematological (Blood Forming), Hepatic (Liver), Ocular (Eyes), Renal (Urinary System or Kidneys), Respiratory (From the Nose to the Lungs)

Hepatic

Eyes, skin, respiratory system, central nervous system, liver, kidneys

EC50; Species: Chlamydomonas angulosa (Green algae) age 72-96 hr, exponential growth phase, 5X10+4 cells/mL; Conditions: static, 19 °C, pH 6.5; Concentration: 760 mmol/cu m for 3 hr; Effect: physiology, photosynthesis /formulated product/

EC50; Species: Chlorella vulgaris (Green algae) age 72-96 hr, exponential growth phase, 20X10+4 cells/mL; Conditions: static, 19 °C, pH 6.5; Concentration: 1150 mmol/cu m for 3 hr; Effect: physiology, photosynthesis /formulated product/

EC50; Species: Selenastrum capricornutum (Green algae); Concentration: 49.6 mg/L for 72 hr; Effect: inhibition of biomass formation /Conditions of bioassay not specified in source examined/

EC50; Species: Selenastrum capricornutum (Green algae); Concentration: 101 mg/L for 72 hr; Effect: inhibition of growth rate /Conditions of bioassay not specified in source examined/

For more Ecotoxicity Values (Complete) data for 1,2,3-TRICHLOROPROPANE (17 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values of 77 and 95(2) indicate that 1,2,3-trichloropropane is expected to have high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of 1,2,3-trichloropropane from moist soil surfaces may be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 3.43X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(3). 1,2,3-Trichloropropane is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 3.69 mm Hg(4). When 1,2,3-trichloropropane was incubated in Captina silt loam and McLaurin sandy loam soils in the dark at 20 °C for 7 days, its disappearance half-life from the soils was 2.7 days, a value that was independent of soil type and whether the soil was active or sterile(5). Utilizing the Japanese MITI test, 0% of the Theoretical BOD was reached in four weeks(6), indicating that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC). However, aerobic biodegradation may occur in the presence of other halogens and using an adapted culture(7).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values of 95 and 77(2) indicates that 1,2,3-trichloropropane is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 3.43X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 7 hrs and 6 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(5), a BCF range of 5.3-13(6) suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Utilizing the Japanese MITI test, 0% of the Theoretical BOD was reached in four weeks(6), indicating that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process in water(SRC). However, aerobic biodegradation may occur in the presence of other halogens and using an adapted culture(7).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 1,2,3-trichloropropane, which has a vapor pressure of 3.69 mm Hg at 25 °C(2) is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 1,2,3-trichloropropane is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 46 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 3.5X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC), derived using a structure estimation method(3). 1,2,3-Trichloropropane does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

In a FDA Total Diet Study, 1,2,3-trichloropropane was detected 9 times in 234 table-ready food items, with an average concentration of 4.21 ppb (range from 3.53 to 6.12 ppb). The highest concentration was found in sandwich cookies(1). 1,2,3-Trichloropropane was detected at 0.18 ppm (limit of quantitation) in one of 44 samples of green beans (fresh/frozen, boiled) following US market basket surveys conducted from 119-93 and 2003-04(2).

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its vapour, through the skin and by ingestion.

inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: 1,2,3-Trichloropropane (TCP) is a colorless liquid with a acrid, unpleasant. It is used as an intermediate in the synthesis of other chemicals (e.g., pesticides) and as a crosslinking agent in the production of polymers, such as polysulfides and hexafluoropropylene. Former uses include a solvent for hydrophobic compounds and resins, as a paint and varnish remover, and as a degreasing agent. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Vapors of 1,2,3-trichloropropane were found to be objectionable to subjects at a concentration of 100 ppm because of eye and throat irritation and unpleasant odor. It was noted that vapors of 1,2,3-TCP were acrid at 50 ppm. Acute/subchronic neurotoxic effects of 1,2,3-TCP include CNS damage in humans. Sporadic cases of toxic hepatic injury from 1,2,3-TCP in humans have been reported. In an in vitro micronucleus assay, 1,2,3-TCP did not exhibit mutagenic activity compared to the concurrent control. The DNA breakage capacity and the cytotoxicity was assessed in the alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis test (comet assay) with and without S9-mix in isolated human lymphocytes. 1,2,3-TCP induced DNA breakage. 1,2,3-TCP is a suspected human carcinogen. ANIMAL STUDIES: A dose of 0.5 mL of 1,2,3-TCP applied to the intact skin of rabbits for 4 hr under semi-occlusive and for 24 hr under occlusive dressings produced mild reversible irritation. In contrast to these test results, another study classified 1,2,3-TCP as severely irritating, based on irritation scores from a Draize test on intact and abraded skin of rabbits. After instillation of 0.1 mL of undiluted 1,2,3-TCP, mild to moderate irritation of rabbit eyes was observed, with all effects being reversible within 2-7 days. Symptoms of intoxication in rats and mice included prostration, hypoactivity, ataxia, sedation, dyspnea, convulsions, lacrimation, salivation, irritation of the mucosa of eyes and nose, and liver and kidney damage. Immediate respiratory depression was a frequent cause of death. Delayed deaths (after 7-10 days) were ascribed to liver damage. Three dogs that received intragastic administration of 1,2,3-TCP had CNS depression, within 1-2 hours, and died within 1-2 days. Continuous inhalation of 0.4 and 0.8 mg/cu m of 1,2,3-TCP for 7 days caused hemorrhages in rat lungs with desquamation and destruction of bronchial, bronchiolar & alveolar epithelium. Rats given 113 or 149 mg/kg 1,2,3-TCP in drinking water for 13 weeks developed renal pyknosis, glomerular adhesions, and accumulated protein in the tubular lumen. Intermittent 4-hour exposures for 11 days at 3 ppm of 1,2,3-TCP caused a decreased thickness of olfactory epithelium in rats. A degeneration of the olfactory epithelium was found in rats at 10 ppm or higher concentrations, and inflammation and decreased thickness of the olfactory epithelium were found in mice at 10 to 13 ppm with degeneration at higher concentrations. Among 140 carcinogenic chemicals tested in long-term animal studies, 1,2,3-TCP was among the seven producing uterine neoplasms in mice (spontaneous tumor rate 0.3%). 1,2,3-TCP was evaluated in 2-year toxicology and carcinogenesis studies by the NTP. 1,2,3-TCP induced benign and/or malignant neoplasms at multiple sites in both rats and mice. 15 daily doses of 37 mg/kg 1,2,3-TCP were given by intraperitoneal injection to pregnant rats throughout implantation and organogenesis; there were no fetotoxic or teratogenic effects in the offspring, but maternal toxicity was evident. Male rats given five oral doses of 80 mg/kg/day showed no evidence of testicular toxicity. In a one-generation reproduction study, progeny indices were unaffected by treatment with 1,2,3-TCP. Male rats administered 1,2,3-TCP by gavage at a dosage of 125 mg/kg body weight per day for 120 days showed significant increases in relative testes weights and a significant decrease in relative epididymis weight. However, no effects on sperm count or sperm morphology and no histomorphological changes of testes or epididymis were observed. Impairment of survival rates was observed among pups of treated females that had been mated with untreated males. 1,2,3-TCP is mutagenic in bacterial test systems with Salmonella typhimurium strains TA 97, TA 100, and TA 1535 and E. coli WP2 uvr A in the presence of metabolic activation. 1,2,3-TCP did not induce unscheduled DNA synthesis in primary rat hepatocytes. It induced gene mutation at the thymidine kinase locus in L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells, sister chromatid exchange in Chinese hamster V79 and ovary cells and chromosomal aberrations in Chinese hamster ovary cells, only in the presence of metabolic activation. Additionally, 1,2,3-TCP enhanced the transformation of Syrian hamster embryo cells by simian adenovirus SA7.

Cough. Sore throat. Headache. Drowsiness. Unconsciousness.

Dry skin. Redness. Tingling sensation.

Redness. Pain.

Nausea. Headache. Vomiting. Diarrhoea. Drowsiness. Unconsciousness.

irritation eyes, nose, throat; central nervous system depression; In Animals: liver, kidney injury; [potential occupational carcinogen]

EPA has released the Interactive Chemical Safety for Sustainability (iCSS) Dashboard. The iCSS Dashboard provides an interactive tool to explore rapid, automated (or in vitro high-throughput) chemical screening data generated by the Toxicity Forecaster (ToxCast) project and the federal Toxicity Testing in the 21st century (Tox21) collaboration. /The title compound was tested by ToxCast and/or Tox21 assays/[USEPA; ICSS Dashboard Application; Available from, as of December 17, 2015: http://actor.epa.gov/dashboard/]

The following link will take the user to the National Toxicology Program (NTP) Test Agent Search Results page, which tabulates all of the "Standard Toxicology & Carcinogenesis Studies", "Developmental Studies", and "Genetic Toxicity Studies" performed with this chemical. Clicking on the "Testing Status" link will take the user to the status (i.e., in review, in progress, in preparation, on test, completed, etc.) and results of all the studies that the NTP has done on this chemical.[Available from: http://ntp-apps.niehs.nih.gov/ntp_tox/index.cfm?fuseaction=ntpsearch.searchresults&searchterm=96-18-4]

Section 8(a) of TSCA requires manufacturers of this chemical substance to report preliminary assessment information concerned with production, exposure, and use to EPA as cited in the preamble in 51 FR 41329. Effective date: 8/4/95; Reporting date: 10/3/95.

Pursuant to section 8(d) of TSCA, EPA promulgated a model Health and Safety Data Reporting Rule. The section 8(d) model rule requires manufacturers, importers, and processors of listed chemical substances and mixtures to submit to EPA copies and lists of unpublished health and safety studies. Propane, 1,2,3-trichloro is included on this list. Effective date 6/1/87; Sunset date: 6/1/97.

This action promulgates standards of performance for equipment leaks of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in the Synthetic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Industry (SOCMI). The intended effect of these standards is to require all newly constructed, modified, and reconstructed SOCMI process units to use the best demonstrated system of continuous emission reduction for equipment leaks of VOC, considering costs, non air quality health and environmental impact and energy requirements. 1,2,3-Trichloropropane is produced, as an intermediate or final product, by process units covered under this subpart.

(AZ) ARIZONA 42 ug/L

(CT) CONNECTICUT 0.05 ug/L

(ME) MAINE 0.05 ug/L

(MN) MINNESOTA 40 ug/L

For more State Drinking Water Guidelines (Complete) data for 1,2,3-TRICHLOROPROPANE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

A further publication, in abstract form only without detailed documentation of test conditions and results, presented a new hypothesis for the formation of forestomach tumors. According to these investigations, analysis of ras mutations in forestomach tumors of mice from the NTP (1993) study showed that the observed mutations are not consistent with the miscoding properties of the major DNA adduct S-[l-(hydroxymethyl)-2-(N(7)-guanyl)ethyl]glutathione that had formerly been identified in various tissues by the same working group. Preliminary studies suggested that 1,2,3-trichloropropane administration produced increases in the etheno DNA adducts 1,N(6)-ethenodeoxyadenosine and 3,N(4)-ethenodeoxycytidine, which are thought to arise endogenously from lipid oxidation. The resulting alternative hypothesis for the formation of forestomach tumors is an indirect mutagenic effect of 1,2,3-trichloropropane by GSH depletion as a consequence of the bolus application by gavage, which may induce lipid oxidation. Consequently, GSH plays a crucial role in adduct formation, being involved both in the formation of the major DNA adduct S-[l-(hydroxymethyl)-2-(N(7)-guanyl)ethyl]glutathione and in the initiation of lipid oxidation.

Animal studies (whole body): 1 day; [TDR, p. 1194]

1,2,3-trichloropropane (TCP), [(14)C]-TCP was administered iv to male Fischer 344 rats ... Initial and terminal half-lives of unchanged TCP in the blood were 0.29 and 23 hr.

Metabolism /in Fischer 344 rats/ was extensive with elimination half-times of 20 and 120 minutes for kidney and fat, respectively, following intravenous administration. A subsequent slower elimination phase, with half-times of 87 to 182 hours, was required, suggesting slower excretion of metabolites as compared with parent compound.

Initial and termination half-lives of unchanged 1,2,3-trichloropropane (TCP) in the blood were 0.29 and 23 hours, in the liver 0.57 and 40 hours, in the kidney 0.31 and 30 hours, in adipose tissue 1.8 and 44 hours, in the skin 0.87 and 36 hours and in muscles 1 and 45 hours.

... Male F-344 rats were administered 30 mg/kg [(14)C]- 1,2,3-trichloropropane (TCP) (100 uCi/kg) ip and killed 4 hr later. The extent of covalent binding to hepatic protein, DNA, and RNA was 418, 244, and 432 pmol [(14)C]TCP equivalents/mg, respectively. An in vivo covalent binding time course showed no significant change in [(14)C]TCP equivalents bound to hepatic DNA (1-48 hr), while binding to protein was maximal by 4 hr and decreased significantly by 48 hr. The binding of TCP-associated radioactivity to hepatic protein and DNA was shown to be cumulative for two and three doses when given 24 hr apart. Pretreatment of animals with phenobarbital caused a decrease while pretreatment with SKF 525-A caused an increase in covalent binding of [(14)C]TCP equivalents to protein and DNA. Pretreatment of rats with beta-naphthoflavone did not alter the covalent binding of [(14)C]TCP equivalents to protein or DNA. However, glutathione depletion with L-buthionine-(R,S)-sulfoximine increased binding to protein by 342% while it decreased binding to DNA by 56%. Intraperitoneal administration of TCP also depleted hepatic GSH by 41 and 61% 2 hr after doses of 30 and 100 mg/kg. The in vivo binding data suggest a dual role for GSH in the bioactivation of TCP. It may, in part, be that GSH is involved in the bioactivation and covalent binding of TCP to hepatic DNA. However, it also appears to detoxify a reactive intermediate(s) that binds to protein.

Following acute oral exposure of male and female F344 rats (30 mg/kg) and male B6C3F1 mice (30 and 60 mg/kg), 1,2,3-trichloropropane (TCP) was rapidly absorbed, metabolized, and excreted ... Two urinary metabolites were isolated and identified by NMR, mass spectroscopy, and comparison with synthetic standards, as N-acetyl- and S-(3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl)cysteine. Analyses of the early urine (0-6 hr) showed this mercapturic acid to be the major metabolite in rat urine and was only a minor component in mouse urine. 2-(S-Glutathionyl)malonic acid was identified by NMR and mass spectrometry and by chemical synthesis as the major biliary metabolite in rats.

In vitro studies using rat and human hepatic microsomes have shown that the halogenated hydrocarbon 1,2,3-trichloropropane (TCP) is bioactivated to the direct acting mutagen 1,3-dichloroacetone (DCA). The presence of DCA in microsomal incubations was confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. DCA formation was totally dependent on the presence of NADPH. The rate of DCA formation using rat and human microsomes was 0.268 +/- 0.029 and 0.026 +/- 0.006 nmol/min/mg protein +/- SE, respectively. When hepatic microsomes were isolated from rats pretreated with the cytochrome P-450 inducers, phenobarbital, and dexamethasone, 24- and 2.5-fold increases, respectively, in the rate of DCA production, were observed. Pretreatment with beta-naphthoflavone resulted in a 50% inhibition in DCA formation. The inhibitors of cytochromes P-450, SKF 525-A and 1-aminobenzotriazol, produced 85 and 70% inhibitions of DCA formation, respectively. When alcohol dehydrogenase and NADH were added to microsomal incubations, two TCP-related alcohols, 1,3-dichloro-2-propanol and 2,3-dichloropropanol, were formed. These alcohols are products of the initial microsomal metabolites, DCA and 2,3-dichloropropanal. [14C]TCP equivalents bound covalently to rat hepatic microsomal protein. This binding was increased 8-fold when hepatic microsomes from phenobarbital pretreated rats were used. The addition of either glutathione or N-acetylcysteine to the incubations completely inhibited this binding. In the presence of N-acetylcysteine, 1,3-(2-propanone)-bis-S-(N-acetylcysteine) (PDM) was the only N-acetylcysteine conjugate detected. It represented 87% of TCP microsomal metabolism. The formation of PDM implicates DCA as the major microsomal protein-binding metabolite of TCP. The formation of DCA, a direct-acting mutagen, may be responsible for the mutagenicity of TCP in systems using rat hepatic microsomes ...

The endogenous formation of reactive intermediates from 1,2,3-trichloropropane plays a crucial role in the organotoxic, genotoxic, and carcinogenic action of 1,2,3-trichloropropane. The postulated formation of alkylating species is consistent with the presence of covalently bound radioactivity in liver and kidney and in target tissues of carcinogenic action after gavage administration of [(14)C]1,2,3-trichloropropane. Significant DNA adduct levels (as (14)C equivalents of 1,2,3-trichloropropane) were found in forestomach and liver in mice and in kidney, liver, pancreas, tongue, and forestomach in rats. A predominant role was assigned to episulfonium ions formed in situ during the metabolism of 1,2,3-trichloropropane in the liver and from processing of GSH conjugates of 1,2,3-trichloropropane in the kidney, leading to hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic lesions.

For more Metabolism/Metabolites (Complete) data for 1,2,3-TRICHLOROPROPANE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

To investigate the disposition of 1,2,3-trichloropropane (TCP), [(14)C]-TCP was administered iv to male Fischer 344 rats. Unchanged TCP and total radiolabel were determined in tissues and excreta at varying intervals after administration. The compound was distributed and eliminated rapidly ... Adipose tissue accumulated 37% of the dose within 15 min and retained more of the dose than any other tissue until 4 hr; most (69%) of the radiolabel in adipose tissue through 4 hr was unchanged TCP. After 4 hr, the liver contained the largest fraction of the dose, primarily as metabolites. Thus TCP disappeared from adipose tissue while metabolites appeared in liver and other tissues. Excretion was nearly complete (90% of the dose) in 24 hr and was predominantly via the urine (47% of the dose). Expiration was the only route by which unchanged TCP (5% of the dose) was excreted. In addition, 25% of the dose was expired as carbon dioxide. There were numerous other metabolites, none accounting for more than 10% of the dose. Nonvolatile metabolites were longer lived than the parent compound. On the basis of high water solubility, reaction with 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene, and diminished radiolabel in bile of glycidol-treated rats, glutathione conjugation is suggested as an important metabolic route for TCP ...

... Following acute oral exposure of male and female F344 rats (30 mg/kg) and male B6C3F1 mice (30 and 60 mg/kg), 1,2,3-trichloropropane was rapidly absorbed, metabolized, and excreted. The major route of excretion of 1,2,3-trichloropropane was in the urine. By 60 hr postdosing, rats had excreted 50% and mice 65% of the administered dose by this route. Exhalation as (14)C02 and excretion in the feces each accounted for 20% of the total dose in 60 hr rats and 20 and 15%, respectively, in mice. No apparent sex-related differences were observed in the ability of the rats to excrete 1,2,3-trichloropropane derived radioactivity. At 60 hr, 1,2,3-trichloropropane derived radioactivity was most concentrated in the liver, kidney, and forestomach in both rats and male mice. Male mice eliminated 1,2,3-trichloropropane derived radioactivity more rapidly than rats and lower concentrations of radioactivity were found in tissues 60 hr after dosing in mice. ...

Six hours post-treatment the highest radioactivity was found in the forestomach, in the small intestine and in adipose tissue of male rats. After 24 hours the highest radioactivity was still found in the forestomach, but also in the large intestine. No increased radioactivity was observed in adipose tissue of male and female rats. After 60 hours radioactivity was detected in the forestomach (highest value), and in the liver and kidney. The injection of 30 or 60 mg [(14)C] 1,2,3-TCP to B6C3F1 mice resulted in high radioactivity in the forestomach, the liver and kidney 60 hours post-treatment. 1,2,3-TCP distribution in tissues was not dose dependent.

Used as a curing agent for polysulfides and a chemical intermediate; Used in the past as a solvent and extractive agent; [ACGIH] Used as a degreaser, paint remover, and solvent for resins, waxes, and oils; [HSDB]

Metal Degreasing [Category: Clean]

Paint and varnish remover, solvent, degreasing agent /SRP: former use/

Solvent for oils, fats, waxes, chlorinated rubber, and resins. ... Synthesis of thiokol polysulfide elastomers if some branching of the polymer structure is required. /SRP: former use/

It is used as an intermediate in the synthesis of other chemicals (e.g., pesticides) and as a crosslinking agent in the production of polymers, such as polysulfides and hexafluoropropylene. In older reports, 1,2,3-trichloropropane was identified as a solvent for hydrophobic compounds and resins, as a paint and varnish remover, and as a degreasing agent.

... It is now used mainly as a chemical intermediate, for example, in the production of polysulfone liquid polymers, dichloropropene and hexafluoropropylene, and as a cross-linking agent in the synthesis of polysulfides. These manufacturing processes generally occur in closed systems.

2023: 5,000,000 - <10,000,000 lb

(1972) Probably greater than 9.08x10+5 grams

(1975) Probably greater than 9.08x10+5 grams

Propane, 1,2,3-trichloro- is listed as a High Production Volume (HPV) chemical (65FR81686). Chemicals listed as HPV were produced in or imported into the U.S. in >1 million pounds in 1990 and/or 1994. The HPV list is based on the 1990 Inventory Update Rule. (IUR) (40 CFR part 710 subpart B; 51FR21438).

Inventory Update Reporting 1986-2002

Non-confidential 2012 Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) information on the production and use of chemicals manufactured or imported into the United States. Chemical: Propane, 1,2,3-trichloro-. National Production Volume: Withheld.

Chlorination of propylene.

... Addition of chlorine to allyl chloride.

All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing

Propane, 1,2,3-trichloro-: ACTIVE