Hydrazine Sulfate

Nitrogen Compounds -> Hydrazines

Carcinogens

1.37 (NTP, 1992) - Denser than water; will sink

1.378

1.378 @25 °C

Orthorhombic crystals; glass like plates or prisms

White crystalline powder

greater than or equal to 0.1 mg/mL at 70 °F (NTP, 1992)

0.04 g/100 g ethanol at 25 °C

3.41 g/100 g water

14.39 g/100 g water at 80 °C

Water approximately .03 (mg/mL)

Water (hot) freely soluble (mg/mL)

489 °F (NTP, 1992)

254 °C

Hydrazine sulfate appears as a white crystalline solid. Obtained by neutralizing the base hydrazine with sulfuric acid.

White solid; [Hawley]

Strong reducing agent

Decomposes at bp

This chemical does not meet GHS hazard criteria for 0.6% (1 of 162) of reports.

Danger

H301+H311+H331 (89.5%): Toxic if swallowed, in contact with skin or if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, oral; acute toxicity, dermal; acute toxicity, inhalation]

P203, P260, P261, P262, P264, P264+P265, P270, P271, P272, P273, P280, P301+P316, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P302+P361+P354, P304+P340, P305+P354+P338, P316, P317, P318, P321, P330, P333+P317, P361+P364, P362+P364, P363, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501 (click each P-code to see the statement)

Aggregated GHS information provided per 162 reports by companies from 13 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Danger

Chemical: Hydrazine, sulfate (1:1)

Hazard Traits - Carcinogenicity

Hydrazinium sulphate: Does not have an individual approval but may be used under an appropriate group standard

The New Jersey Worker and Community Right to Know Act requires public and private employers to provide information about hazardous substances at their workplaces. (N.J.S.A. 34:5A-1 et. seq.)

Emergency treatment: Hydrazines; Hydrazines can cause severe eye damage. They can cause seizures, liver injury, hemolysis, and delayed pulmonary edema. [HSDB] A strong reducing agent; May cause irritation; [CAMEO] An irritant; May cause skin sensitization; May be fatal by inhalation; [MSDSonline] See Hydrazine.

National Toxicology Program. Eleventh Report on Carcinogens (2005). The Report on Carcinogens is an informational scientific and public health document that identifies and discusses substances (including agents, mixtures, or exposure circumstances) that may pose a carcinogenic hazard to human health. Hydrazine Sulfate (10034-93-2) is listed as reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen.[Available from, as of July 31, 2009: http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/eleventh/profiles/s096hydr.pdf]

Toth B; Teratogenic hydrazines: a review; In Vivo Jan-Feb 7 (1): 101-10 (1993). The review summarizes the results of 30 hydrazines, which were studied in humans and in six animal species for teratogenic activities.

Acute Tox. 3 (99.4%)

Acute toxicity - category 3

Acute toxicity (Oral) - Category 4

Acute toxicity (Oral) - Category 4

Carcinogens

This compound is not very flammable but any fire involving this compound may produce dangerous vapors. You should evacuate the area. All firefighters should wear full-body protective clothing and use self-contained breathing apparatuses. You should extinguish any fires involving this chemical with a dry chemical, carbon dioxide, foam, or halon extinguisher. (NTP, 1992)

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop.

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: If you spill this chemical, you should dampen the solid spill material with water, then transfer the dampened material to a suitable container. Use absorbent paper dampened with water to pick up any remaining material. Seal your contaminated clothing and the absorbent paper in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Wash all contaminated surfaces with a strong soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned.

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Incineration: The best disposal methods are incineration and burial. Incinerate in a unit with effluent gas scrubbing.

Inhalation of salt dusts should be avoided. /Hydrazine & derivatives/

Engineering controls, such as process enclosure or local exhaust ventilation, shall be used when needed to keep concentrations of airborne hydrazines within acceptable levels. Ventilation systems shall be designed to prevent accumulation or recirculation of airborne hydrazines in the workplace environment and to remove hydrazines from the breathing zone of workers.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

0.13 [mg/m3]

1.5 [mg/m3]

8.8 [mg/m3]

MINIMUM PROTECTIVE CLOTHING: If Tyvek-type disposable protective clothing is not worn during handling of this chemical, wear disposable Tyvek-type sleeves taped to your gloves.

... Vinyl coated hand protection, natural or reclaimed rubber protection, rubber aprons, and plastic eye and face protection ... used when working with small quantities. Where possibility of gross splashing exists, full protective clothing made of rubber, neoprene or vinyl-coated materials should be worn. For respiratory protection in situations where recommended tolerance limits are ... exceeded, respiratory protective equipment ... must be used. /Hydrazine and derivatives/

Placement medical examinations shall include at least: comprehensive medical and work histories; comprehensive physical examination; specific clinical tests including complete and differential blood count; liver function tests including serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), urinalysis including specific gravity, glucose, protein, and microscopic examination, and a 14 x 17 inch posteroanterior chest roentenogram; a judgement of the worker's ability to use positive pressure respirators; and urobilinogen and serum bilirubin tests shall be considered by the responsible physician. Periodic examinations shall be made available at least annually to those working with hydrazines. /Hydrazines/

Clastogenic activity was evaluated in 3 cultures of RL1 rat liver cells per dose, exposed for 22 hours to hydrazine sulfate at concentrations of 0, 25.0, 50.0, or 100.0 ug/ml of culture medium. Concentrations were chosen to be approximately 1/4, 1/2, and 1x the GI50 (concentration at which 50% growth inhibition is achieved). Both positive (7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene) and solvent (water) controls were used. No metabolic activation system was used. Cell division was arrested, and at least 290 metaphases from each test concentration were examined. Neither chromatid aberrations nor chromosome aberrations were increased significantly. The proportions of cells showing chromatid aberrations were 1.3%, 0.3%, 1.4%, and 1.1% at 0.0, 25.0, 50.0, and 100.0 ug/ml, respectively. The proportions of cells showing chromosome aberrations were 1.0%, 0.7%, 0.3%, and 0.3% at 0.0, 25.0, 50.0, and 100.0 ug/ml, respectively. Although the positive control compound induced chromatid aberrations in 8.4% of cells, only 1.0% showed chromosomal aberrations.

Hydrazine sulfate was evaluated for genotoxicity in vitro in human Passage 23 WI-38 fibroblasts exposed for 90 minutes to concentrations of 1X10E-7, 1X10E-6, 1X10E-5, 1X10E-4, and 1X10E-3 M test compound in the presence of 1 microCi/ml of 3H-thymidine (6.7 Ci/ml), followed by exposure to only 3H-thymidine for 3 hours. The rate of unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) in hepatocytes was determined by measuring the extent of incorporation of labeled thymidine into DNA, using a scintillation counter; results were expressed per unit of DNA. The rate of UDS in treated cell cultures ranged from 0.59-1.12 times that of the negative control, indicating that the test compound was negative for UDS in human fibroblasts under the conditions of this assay. Positive control treatment with 4-nitroquinoline oxide (1X10E-5 M) produced the expected high increase in UDS (23.63 times that of solvent control).

Hydrazine sulfate was evaluated for genotoxicity in vitro in human Passage 23 WI-38 fibroblasts exposed for 30 minutes to 5 semilog dilutions (concentrations not reported) of the test compound, followed by exposure to 3H-thymidine for 3 hours. Trials were performed on cell cultures both in the presence and absence of Arochlor-induced rat liver S-9 metabolic activation. The rate of unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) in hepatocytes was determined by measuring the extent of incorporation of labeled thymidine into DNA, using autoradiography. The maximum rate of UDS in treated cell cultures (1.8 net grains/nucleus) was not significantly greater than that of the negative controls (<1 net grain/ nucleus), indicating that the test compound was negative for UDS in human fibroblasts under the conditions of this assay. This ... response was obtained in the presence of metabolic activation.

/CASE REPORTS/ A 55-year-old man with squamous-cell carcinoma of the left maxillary sinus presented with a 2-week history of rash, pruritus, progressive malaise, and jaundice. The patient had previously declined to undergo surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. To treat his cancer, the patient had instead decided to use hydrazine sulfate he obtained through an alternative medicine Internet site. ...Two weeks before his presentation, he had discontinued /4 months/ use of hydrazine sulfate, 180 mg/d, after a bothersome rash developed. On physical examination, ... he was alert and conversant. There was no sinus tenderness or obvious facial asymmetry, and no masses were seen in the nasal passages. Inspection of the skin revealed a macular rash involving the chest and extremities, as well as prominent palmar erythema. Marked scleral icterus and jaundice were also evident. No hepatomegaly or other stigmata of liver disease were noted, and the remainder of the examination was normal. Laboratory studies revealed marked azotemia with a serum urea nitrogen level of 15.7 mmol/L (44 mg/dL) and a serum creatinine level of 450.8 umol/L (5.1 mg/dL). Results on liver function tests were as follows: serum aspartate aminotransferase level, 12.8 ukat/L (770 U/L); serum alanine aminotransferase level, 13 533.6 nkat/L (812 U/L); serum lactate dehydrogenase level, 9.8 ukat/L (586 U/L); serum bilirubin level, 738.7 umol/L (43.2 mg/dL); serum albumin level, 28 g/L; and prothrombin time, 19.5 seconds. A complete blood count revealed a leukocyte count of 19.2 x 109 cells/L, a hemoglobin level of 167 g/L, a hematocrit of 0.497, and a platelet count of 111 x 109 cells/L. Findings on electrocardiography, chest radiography, and abdominal ultrasonography were unremarkable. The patient was admitted to the hospital for hepatorenal failure associated with self-medication with hydrazine sulfate. Because hydrazine sulfate is a known antagonist of vitamin B6, this vitamin was administered intravenously. On the third day of hospitalization, the patient developed hepatic encephalopathy that did not respond to lactulose. Progressive renal failure necessitated the initiation of hemodialysis, and coagulopathy persisted despite administration of vitamin K and several blood plasma transfusions. On the seventh hospital day, hematemesis occurred and prompted esophagoduodenoscopy, which revealed erosive esophagitis and diffuse hemorrhagic gastritis. No esophageal or gastric varices were detected. The patient never recovered from this episode despite aggressive treatment.

/CASE REPORTS/ After 180 mg/day for 2 wks followed by 360 mg/day of hydrazine sulfate ingestion, our patient suffered severe encephalopathy. He received mechanical ventilation with attendant supportive measures and high-dose pyridoxine. The patient's encephalopathy resolved 24 hrs after receiving pyridoxine.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ Neutral salt, hydrazine sulfate has been found not to be injurious to rabbit eye when applied at 0.02 molar concentration for 10 min after mechanical removal of corneal epithelium to facilitate penetration.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ ... 25 newborn BALB/c/Cb/Se mice /treated/ with increasing doses of /hydrazine sulfate/ ranging from 25-600 ug/day by stomach tube for 60 days. Total dose of 17 mg was administered. Mice were killed at 18 wk of age and 96% had lung tumors with average of 3 tumors/mouse. /no data on controls/

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Chronic Exposure or Carcinogenicity/ Administration of hydrazine to mice, rats and hamsters results in rapid methylation of liver DNA guanine for which endogenous formaldehyde appears to be the source of the methyl moiety. Hamsters were given hydrazine sulfate at 170, 340 and 510 mg/L in the drinking water for 2 years (average dose of 4.6, 8.3 and 10.3 mg hydrazine (free base)/kg bw over the 2-yr period), during which levels of methylation of DNA guanine in liver, kidney and lung, and histopathologic examinations of these tissues were carried out; dimethylnitrosamine, as a positive control, was administered at 10 mg/L in the drinking water (average dose of 1.1 mg/kg bw over the 4-month measurement period). Both 7-methylguanine and O6-methylguanine were readily detectable at 6 months exposure in hamsters given hydrazine or dimethylnitrosamine; in hydrazine-treated animals only trace amounts of these bases could be detected after 12 months exposure; these bases were again detected in liver DNA at exposure times of 18 and 24 months. Hepatocellular carcinomas were observed in hamsters treated at the highest dose of hydrazine sulfate after 78 weeks of exposure; the incidence of liver cancer was dose-related over the course of the experiment: 32% for hamsters exposed to 510 mg hydrazine sulfate/L, 12% for 340 mg/L and none at 170 mg/L. Hamsters given dimethylnitrosamine developed high levels of 7-methylguanine and even higher levels of O6-methylguanine and both liver cholangiocellular carcinomas (73% incidence), as reported before, and hepatocellular carcinomas (27% incidence), a new finding. These results demonstrate that hydrazine is a liver carcinogen in the hamster and provide information regarding the accumulation of DNA damage during the entire induction period for the carcinomas.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Chronic Exposure or Carcinogenicity/ In groups of 19-26 male and female BALB/c/Cb/Se mice the incidence of pulmonary tumors produced by /hydrazine sulfate from oral administration/ was shown to be dose dependent. Lowest dose used (21 mg) produced incidence of 54% in males and 32% in females surviving up to 78 wk. In control mice 24% of males and 4% of females developed pulmonary tumors mostly between 90 and 100 wks.

For more Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for HYDRAZINE SULFATE (12 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Biological half-lives were significantly different among the three acetylation phenotypes (analysis of variance, P < 0.05): 3.94+/-1.70 hours for slow acetylators, 2.25+/-0.37 hours for intermediate acetylators, and 1.86+/-0.67 hours for rapid acetylators. /Hydrazine/

The IARC Working Group concluded that hydrazine (Group 2B) is possibly carcinogenic to humans. /Hydrazine sulfate was reviewed by the IARC Working Group. Data for it are published in the IARC Monograph V4 (1974). No evaluation of the carcinogenicity for hydrazine sulfate is given./

Hydrazine Sulfate: reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen.

Specific treatment for exposure consists of thorough washing of all exposed skin areas with soap and water, copious irrigation of the eyes, and prompt removal of the patient from the source of exposure. /Hydrazines/

After inhalation, observation for progressive respiratory distress is necessary. Chest X-ray and arterial blood gases should be monitored. Administration of oxygen, intubation, and assisted ventilation may become necessary. Pneumonia and bronchitis need to be excluded. /Hydrazines/

Pyridoxine may be antidotal. ...Seizures should be controlled with diazepam, phenytoin, or phenobarbital. Blood sugar levels should be monitored for severe hypoglycemia, which may appear with or without preceding significant hyperglycemia. The patient should be observed for evidence of intravascular hemolysis, methemoglobinemia, and consequent deterioration of renal function. Patients who are symptomatic or who demonstrate a methemoglobin level greater than 30 per cent should be treated with methylene blue slowly IV every 4 hours as needed. Improvement is dramatic if diagnosis is correct. Liver function should be monitored because hydrazines are known hepatotoxins. /Hydrazines/

Elimination is enhanced by forced diuresis and acidification of the urine. Hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis should be effective, but insufficient human data exist on the use of these modalities. Treatment is otherwise symptomatic and supportive. /Hydrazines/

For more Antidote and Emergency Treatment (Complete) data for HYDRAZINE SULFATE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

0.0049

IRIS Current

3

IRIS Current

LD50 Mouse ip 152 mg/kg

LD50 Mouse oral 740 mg/kg

LD50 Rat ip 230 mg/kg

LD50 Rat oral 601 mg/kg

2.30e-01

1.10e+00

5.70e-04

2.50e-03

2.60e-02

5.00e+01

The chemical carcinogen hydrazine is potent stimulator of guanylate cyclase. 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine and hydrazine sulfate, two chemical carcinogens, structurally related to hydrazine decrease guanylate cyclase activity in rat tissues. Hydrazine increased DNA synthesis, but 1,1-dimethylhydrazine & hydrazine sulfate decreased DNA synthesis. The relationship, if any, linking the guanylate cyclase cyclic GMP system to DNA synthesis & carcinogenesis remains to be explored.

When hydrazine sulfate (1 mmole/kg) was injected ip in the rat, approx 15% was converted to nitrogen within the first 30 min, followed by a much slower conversion during 24 hr. The highest conversion was observed with iv doses, and lowest with sc doses.

The enzyme systems in rat liver and lung responsible for the oxidative metabolism of hydrazine derivatives were studied to determine whether these enzymes, cytochrome p450 and monoamine oxidase, were responsible for metabolically activating hydrazines to carcinogenic/toxic metabolites. Cytochrome p450 preferentially oxidized the nitrogen to nitrogen bond of 1,2-disubstituted hydrazines and hydrazides, while monoamine oxidase oxidized the nitrogen to nitrogen bond of all the classes of hydrazine derivatives that were tested. Oxidation of the nitrogen to nitrogen bond led to the formation of stable azo intermediates in the case of 1,2-disubstituted hydrazines and to unstable monoazo (diazene) metabolites in the case of monosubstituted hydrazines and hydrazides. /Substituted hydrazines/

Substances that inhibit or prevent the proliferation of NEOPLASMS.

Substances that increase the risk of NEOPLASMS in humans or animals. Both genotoxic chemicals, which affect DNA directly, and nongenotoxic chemicals, which induce neoplasms by other mechanism, are included.

/Following/ a single ip administration to mice, 1 mmol/kg hydrazine sulfate was distributed rapidly to most tissues with highest levels appearing in kidney. Loss from all tissues was extensive by 24 hr. Within 1st 1 to 2 hr after administration of (15)N-hydrazine sulfate, approx 20% of dose was expired as (15)N and by 48 hr another 10-15% was eliminated.

Used in the gravimetric estimation of nickel, cobalt, and cadmium; in the refining of rare metals; in separating polonium from tellurium; for determination of arsenic in metals; in condensation reactions; and to make hydrazine hydrate and other chemicals; Also used as an antioxidant in soldering flux for light metals, a reducing agent in the analysis of minerals and slags, a catalyst in making acetate fibers, and a germicide to destroy fungi and molds; [HSDB]

Soldering [Category: Heat or Machine]

In the gravimetric estimation of nickel, cobalt and cadmium; in the refining of rare metals; antioxidant in soldering flux for light metals; as reducing agent in the analysis of minerals and slags; in separating polonium from tellurium; in tests for blood; for destroying fungi and molds; in the preparation of hydrazine hydrate.

Manufacture of chemicals, condensation reactions, catalyst in making acetate fibers. Analysis of minerals, slags, and fluxes; determination of arsenic in metals; separation of polonium from tellurium; fungicide, germicide.

MEDICATION

MEDICATION (VET)

Industrial preparation by the action of sodium hypochlorite on urea in the presence of sodium hydroxide.

Prepared by Raschig synthesis: 2NH3(aq) + (Ca(OCl)2/Na2CO3/colloid) and treatment with sulfuric acid. Starch, glue, or gelatin are used as colloids, and sodium hypochlorite may be used instead of bleaching powder.